{"id":"https://openalex.org/W64024711","doi":null,"title":"Reading in English: A Comparison of Native Arabic and Native English Speakers","display_name":"Reading in English: A Comparison of Native Arabic and Native English Speakers","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-09-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W64024711","mag":"64024711"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:d-scholarship.pitt.edu:8921","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/8921/1/Katherine_I_Martin_MA_ETD_2011.pdf","pdf_url":"http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/8921/1/Katherine_I_Martin_MA_ETD_2011.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402372","display_name":"D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","host_organization_name":"University of Pittsburgh","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/8921/1/Katherine_I_Martin_MA_ETD_2011.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079697406","display_name":"Katherine I. Martin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0795-5267","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0795-5267"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Katherine I. Martin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0795-5267","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5079697406"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9978,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80714305,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10103","display_name":"Reading and Literacy Development","score":0.9717000126838684,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10103","display_name":"Reading and Literacy Development","score":0.9717000126838684,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11587","display_name":"Second Language Acquisition and Learning","score":0.016599999740719795,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10403","display_name":"Phonetics and Phonology Research","score":0.00430000014603138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/native-arabic-speakers","display_name":"native Arabic speakers","score":0.6890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/native-english-speakers","display_name":"native English speakers","score":0.6660000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-frequency-effects","display_name":"word frequency effects","score":0.7429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phonological-processing","display_name":"phonological processing","score":0.6570000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-movements-during-reading","display_name":"eye movements during reading","score":0.6809999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-recognition","display_name":"word recognition","score":0.5720000267028809}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.7365301847457886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780844864","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184377","display_name":"Pronunciation","level":2,"score":0.7032673358917236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779581591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36244","display_name":"Vowel","level":2,"score":0.6471307873725891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148934300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40998","display_name":"Phonology","level":2,"score":0.5827618837356567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150670947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43091","display_name":"Orthography","level":3,"score":0.5438156723976135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.5279285907745361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171041071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36870","display_name":"First language","level":2,"score":0.5048959851264954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780673583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1110362","display_name":"Vowel length","level":3,"score":0.4969976246356964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150856459","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8034367","display_name":"Word recognition","level":3,"score":0.49073827266693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4810202717781067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.47986453771591187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150321799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1650645","display_name":"Mid vowel","level":4,"score":0.4466792643070221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137584468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35395","display_name":"Phonetics","level":2,"score":0.4103415608406067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3287646770477295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.09761741757392883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158215666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414685","display_name":"Formant","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:d-scholarship.pitt.edu:8921","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/8921/1/Katherine_I_Martin_MA_ETD_2011.pdf","pdf_url":"http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/8921/1/Katherine_I_Martin_MA_ETD_2011.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402372","display_name":"D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","host_organization_name":"University of Pittsburgh","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"mag:64024711","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/8921/","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:d-scholarship.pitt.edu:8921","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/8921/1/Katherine_I_Martin_MA_ETD_2011.pdf","pdf_url":"http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/8921/1/Katherine_I_Martin_MA_ETD_2011.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402372","display_name":"D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","host_organization_name":"University of Pittsburgh","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.4156000018119812}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W64024711.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W64024711.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W113880936","https://openalex.org/W1263670709","https://openalex.org/W1484663152","https://openalex.org/W1502740004","https://openalex.org/W1518575436","https://openalex.org/W1596882232","https://openalex.org/W1748884014","https://openalex.org/W1768959908","https://openalex.org/W1825929066","https://openalex.org/W1967962509","https://openalex.org/W1991778054","https://openalex.org/W1994416182","https://openalex.org/W1999632382","https://openalex.org/W2011133029","https://openalex.org/W2011826874","https://openalex.org/W2016437885","https://openalex.org/W2017433125","https://openalex.org/W2021211892","https://openalex.org/W2041095998","https://openalex.org/W2042424112","https://openalex.org/W2042614924","https://openalex.org/W2051283095","https://openalex.org/W2062526841","https://openalex.org/W2070314026","https://openalex.org/W2081709670","https://openalex.org/W2082665595","https://openalex.org/W2082846910","https://openalex.org/W2090803666","https://openalex.org/W2092684779","https://openalex.org/W2095346245","https://openalex.org/W2096863149","https://openalex.org/W2099644720","https://openalex.org/W2108895486","https://openalex.org/W2118318229","https://openalex.org/W2136817548","https://openalex.org/W2143833911","https://openalex.org/W2147191191","https://openalex.org/W2147459282","https://openalex.org/W2151010603","https://openalex.org/W2153220657","https://openalex.org/W2168979204","https://openalex.org/W2944251086"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2091032524","https://openalex.org/W2905367881","https://openalex.org/W6907110351","https://openalex.org/W1263670709","https://openalex.org/W2527929136","https://openalex.org/W3082570785","https://openalex.org/W1502740004","https://openalex.org/W1564565018","https://openalex.org/W2790508766","https://openalex.org/W3188845184"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Native":[0],"Arabic":[1,41,58,70,127,236,264,293],"speakers":[2,42,71,128,136,188,218,237,265,294],"often":[3,108],"demonstrate":[4],"exceptional":[5],"difficulties":[6,19,26,124],"reading":[7,74,111,130,224,283,309,322,342],"in":[8,37,67,85,131],"English":[9,21,135,187,217,269,298,321],"(Thompson-Panos":[10],"&":[11],"Thomas-Ru\u017ei\u0107,":[12],"1983).":[13],"Research":[14,33],"suggests":[15,35],"that":[16,36,76,125,172,185,215,262,285],"they":[17],"have":[18,89,129],"processing":[20,203,313],"vowels,":[22,86],"leading":[23],"to":[24,83,93,113,121,225],"further":[25],"with":[27,133,201,207],"word":[28,48,147],"recognition":[29],"and":[30,80,149,169,343],"phonological":[31,312],"processing.":[32],"also":[34,328],"their":[38,179,308],"L1,":[39],"native":[40,126,134,186,216,235,263,292],"rely":[43],"on":[44,78,205,246,289],"consonants":[45,79],"alone":[46],"for":[47,91,316,332,339],"recognition.":[49],"This":[50,101,213,274],"is":[51,102,275,314],"because":[52,105],"of":[53,57,142,279,319,341],"a":[54,73,138,239],"unique":[55],"feature":[56],"orthography":[59],"-":[60],"most":[61],"vowels":[62,177,209,327],"are":[63,189,195,345],"not":[64,190,267,287,296],"normally":[65],"included":[66],"text.":[68],"If":[69],"use":[72],"strategy":[75,284],"focuses":[77],"uses":[81],"context":[82],"fill":[84],"this":[87,305],"would":[88],"implications":[90],"learning":[92],"read":[94,165],"another":[95],"language":[96],"(English)":[97],"without":[98],"predictable":[99],"vowels.":[100,212],"especially":[103],"relevant":[104],"L2":[106,114],"learners":[107],"transfer":[109],"L1":[110,282],"strategies":[112],"(e.g.,":[115],"Koda,":[116],"2007).This":[117],"study":[118],"used":[119],"eye-tracking":[120],"investigate":[122],"the":[123,234,277,317],"English,":[132],"as":[137,301,336],"comparison.":[139],"The":[140],"influences":[141],"two":[143],"variables":[144],"were":[145,182,253],"examined:":[146],"frequency":[148,241,250],"orthographic":[150,155],"vowel":[151,156,199,257,290,299],"ambiguity":[152],"(whether":[153],"an":[154,229,281],"sequence":[157],"has":[158],"more":[159,202,244],"than":[160,210,248],"one":[161],"common":[162],"pronunciation).":[163],"Participants":[164],"sentences":[166],"containing":[167],"high-":[168],"low-frequency":[170],"words":[171,206],"had":[173],"ambiguous":[174,208,230],"or":[175],"unambiguous":[176,211],"while":[178],"eye":[180],"movements":[181],"recorded.Results":[183],"show":[184],"influenced":[191,197],"by":[192,198,228,256],"frequency,":[193],"but":[194,252],"consistently":[196],"ambiguity,":[200],"difficulty":[204,245],"shows":[214],"access":[219,268,297],"phonology":[220,270],"deeply":[221,271],"enough":[222],"during":[223,272],"be":[226],"affected":[227,255],"vowel.":[231],"In":[232],"contrast,":[233],"showed":[238],"strong":[240],"effect":[242],"(with":[243],"low":[247],"high":[249],"words)":[251],"rarely":[254],"ambiguity.":[258],"These":[259],"results":[260,303],"suggest":[261],"do":[266,295],"reading.":[273],"likely":[276],"result":[278],"transferring":[280],"does":[286],"depend":[288],"information.If":[291],"information,":[300],"these":[302],"suggest,":[304],"may":[306],"explain":[307],"difficulties.":[310],"Accurate":[311],"essential":[315],"development":[318],"fluent":[320],"(Adams,":[323],"1990).":[324],"Using":[325],"written":[326],"frees":[329],"cognitive":[330],"resources":[331],"higher-level":[333],"processes":[334],"such":[335],"comprehension.":[337],"Implications":[338],"models":[340],"pedagogy":[344],"briefly":[346],"discussed.":[347]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}