{"id":"https://openalex.org/W633587640","doi":null,"title":"Comparing Native and Non-Native Raters of US Federal Government Speaking Tests.","display_name":"Comparing Native and Non-Native Raters of US Federal Government Speaking Tests.","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W633587640","mag":"633587640"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.library.georgetown.edu:10822/559500","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10822/559500","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402467","display_name":"DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210145449","host_organization_name":"Center for Security and Emerging Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Linguistics","raw_type":"thesis"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109443755","display_name":"Rachel Lunde Brooks","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rachel Brooks","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5109443755"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10021","display_name":"EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning","score":0.9667999744415283,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10021","display_name":"EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning","score":0.9667999744415283,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11587","display_name":"Second Language Acquisition and Learning","score":0.00430000014603138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10265","display_name":"Multilingual Education and Policy","score":0.004100000020116568,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rater-characteristics","display_name":"rater characteristics","score":0.6899999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-assessment","display_name":"language assessment","score":0.32600000500679016}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992135444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4232928","display_name":"Native american","level":2,"score":0.6748310923576355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5462413430213928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4652918577194214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.32512786984443665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.2480708658695221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.16132554411888123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53553401","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47307","display_name":"Genealogy","level":1,"score":0.10150685906410217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.05435502529144287}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.library.georgetown.edu:10822/559500","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10822/559500","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402467","display_name":"DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210145449","host_organization_name":"Center for Security and Emerging Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Linguistics","raw_type":"thesis"},{"id":"mag:633587640","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://events.cambridgeenglish.org/alte-2014/docs/presentations/alte2014-rachel-l-brooks.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764685317","display_name":"Georgetown University-Graduate School of Arts & Sciences","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4323970070","host_organization_name":"Georgetown University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4323970070"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Georgetown University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Georgetown University-Graduate School of Arts & Sciences","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":78,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W152804762","https://openalex.org/W197715811","https://openalex.org/W353703812","https://openalex.org/W595942240","https://openalex.org/W601524661","https://openalex.org/W1493078502","https://openalex.org/W1499529646","https://openalex.org/W1549707964","https://openalex.org/W1550391390","https://openalex.org/W1577927395","https://openalex.org/W1589643853","https://openalex.org/W1592442501","https://openalex.org/W1889709078","https://openalex.org/W1963679057","https://openalex.org/W1967407004","https://openalex.org/W1970744229","https://openalex.org/W1982965419","https://openalex.org/W1984484958","https://openalex.org/W1988006755","https://openalex.org/W1994502974","https://openalex.org/W2000066327","https://openalex.org/W2010821160","https://openalex.org/W2011478943","https://openalex.org/W2013328500","https://openalex.org/W2014898336","https://openalex.org/W2016917535","https://openalex.org/W2019903192","https://openalex.org/W2023260936","https://openalex.org/W2034658764","https://openalex.org/W2036773021","https://openalex.org/W2051249308","https://openalex.org/W2058062954","https://openalex.org/W2058933850","https://openalex.org/W2059197940","https://openalex.org/W2062279603","https://openalex.org/W2068511252","https://openalex.org/W2070471368","https://openalex.org/W2077384076","https://openalex.org/W2085886907","https://openalex.org/W2086996448","https://openalex.org/W2088374075","https://openalex.org/W2093300757","https://openalex.org/W2099368609","https://openalex.org/W2103244688","https://openalex.org/W2103258672","https://openalex.org/W2103821434","https://openalex.org/W2111803260","https://openalex.org/W2114806605","https://openalex.org/W2116249892","https://openalex.org/W2117099611","https://openalex.org/W2120764744","https://openalex.org/W2123096747","https://openalex.org/W2126643234","https://openalex.org/W2127051216","https://openalex.org/W2127975418","https://openalex.org/W2131922494","https://openalex.org/W2136852860","https://openalex.org/W2136945725","https://openalex.org/W2137304866","https://openalex.org/W2137934172","https://openalex.org/W2138519554","https://openalex.org/W2138905593","https://openalex.org/W2143536002","https://openalex.org/W2150860303","https://openalex.org/W2155685344","https://openalex.org/W2156832302","https://openalex.org/W2157102621","https://openalex.org/W2157379558","https://openalex.org/W2158083885","https://openalex.org/W2160357159","https://openalex.org/W2166754847","https://openalex.org/W2172207208","https://openalex.org/W2177393102","https://openalex.org/W2244225053","https://openalex.org/W2246471843","https://openalex.org/W2331891303","https://openalex.org/W2334936612","https://openalex.org/W4255909688"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2769943757","https://openalex.org/W3035376461","https://openalex.org/W209849323","https://openalex.org/W2181349527","https://openalex.org/W1552291307","https://openalex.org/W2907416181","https://openalex.org/W2946152116","https://openalex.org/W2227615529","https://openalex.org/W253886650","https://openalex.org/W329559777"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Previous":[0],"Language":[1,40],"Testing":[2],"research":[3,101],"has":[4],"largely":[5],"reported":[6],"that":[7,45,59],"although":[8],"many":[9],"raters'":[10],"characteristics":[11],"affect":[12,33],"their":[13],"evaluations":[14],"of":[15,85,93,105,118],"language":[16,88],"assessments":[17],"(Reed":[18],"&":[19],"Cohen,":[20],"2001),":[21],"being":[22],"a":[23,103,115],"native":[24,52,81,96,116],"speaker":[25,28,97,113],"or":[26],"non-native":[27,54],"rater":[29],"does":[30],"not":[31],"significantly":[32],"final":[34],"ratings":[35],"(Kim,":[36],"2009).":[37,90],"In":[38],"Second":[39],"Acquisition,":[41],"some":[42],"researchers":[43],"conclude":[44],"performance":[46],"and":[47,53,82,114],"perception":[48],"differences":[49],"exist":[50],"between":[51],"speakers,":[55],"while":[56],"others":[57],"contend":[58],"there":[60],"is":[61,98],"little":[62],"conclusive":[63],"evidence":[64],"to":[65,78,110],"support":[66],"end":[67],"state":[68],"differences.":[69],"The":[70],"US":[71],"Federal":[72],"Government":[73],"requires":[74],"speaking":[75],"test":[76,87],"raters":[77],"be":[79],"both":[80,109],"high-proficiency":[83],"speakers":[84],"the":[86,95],"(FBI,":[89],"An":[91],"exploration":[92],"how":[94],"defined":[99],"in":[100],"reveals":[102],"lack":[104],"common":[106],"understanding,":[107],"referring":[108],"an":[111],"ideal":[112],"acquirer":[117],"language.":[119]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}