{"id":"https://openalex.org/W63282123","doi":null,"title":"Do homeopathic nosodes protect against infection? An experimental test.","display_name":"Do homeopathic nosodes protect against infection? An experimental test.","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W63282123","mag":"63282123","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10484829"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:10484829","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10484829","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Alternative therapies in health and medicine","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040898535","display_name":"Wayne B. Jonas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8498-3849","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8498-3849"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148314036","display_name":"Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04r3kq386","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148314036"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"W B Jonas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Family Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md. 20814, USA. wjonas@mxa.usuhs.mil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Family Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md. 20814, USA. wjonas@mxa.usuhs.mil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148314036"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040898535"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148314036"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.0857,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89851831,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"5","first_page":"36","last_page":"40"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10902","display_name":"Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies","score":0.9746000170707703,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2707","display_name":"Complementary and alternative medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10902","display_name":"Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies","score":0.9746000170707703,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2707","display_name":"Complementary and alternative medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11515","display_name":"Bacillus and Francisella bacterial research","score":0.011500000022351742,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14275","display_name":"Historical Medical Research and Treatments","score":0.002099999925121665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homeopathy","display_name":"homeopathy","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nosodes","display_name":"nosodes","score":0.9290000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/francisella-tularensis","display_name":"Francisella tularensis","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tularemia","display_name":"tularemia","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infection-control","display_name":"infection control","score":0.7480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/serial-dilution","display_name":"serial dilution","score":0.5860000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oral-immunization","display_name":"oral immunization","score":0.48100000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mouse-challenge","display_name":"mouse challenge","score":0.3619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mortality","display_name":"mortality","score":0.5600000023841858}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775983634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q153861","display_name":"Tularemia","level":2,"score":0.8885666131973267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22070199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192995","display_name":"Vaccination","level":2,"score":0.7853057384490967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6752143502235413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780467176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1003460","display_name":"Francisella tularensis","level":4,"score":0.6004313826560974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184112429","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q476174","display_name":"Serial dilution","level":3,"score":0.47874993085861206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134040284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1431049","display_name":"Infectious dose","level":3,"score":0.4741078019142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.36540359258651733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.28487104177474976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.2195451557636261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.10874024033546448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60987743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1460232","display_name":"Virulence","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522874641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q808","display_name":"Virus","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000284","descriptor_name":"Administration, Oral","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001428","descriptor_name":"Bacterial Vaccines","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005604","descriptor_name":"Francisella tularensis","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005604","descriptor_name":"Francisella tularensis","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006705","descriptor_name":"Homeopathy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008809","descriptor_name":"Mice, Inbred C3H","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011897","descriptor_name":"Random Allocation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013047","descriptor_name":"Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013997","descriptor_name":"Time Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014406","descriptor_name":"Tularemia","qualifier_ui":"Q000401","qualifier_name":"mortality","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014406","descriptor_name":"Tularemia","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D051379","descriptor_name":"Mice","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:10484829","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10484829","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Alternative therapies in health and medicine","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"mag:63282123","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10484829","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9537000060081482}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3031552189","https://openalex.org/W2188343148","https://openalex.org/W7100514765","https://openalex.org/W4388051294","https://openalex.org/W1608606866","https://openalex.org/W2093820011","https://openalex.org/W1974466073","https://openalex.org/W2034582731","https://openalex.org/W2026045133","https://openalex.org/W1998436619"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"CONTEXT:":[0],"For":[1],"centuries,":[2],"homeopathic":[3,241],"practitioners":[4],"have":[5,31,227],"claimed":[6],"that":[7],"serially":[8],"agitated":[9],"dilutions":[10,222],"of":[11,21,28,40,79,136,143,160,179,219,261],"infectious":[12,22,65,247],"agents":[13,248],"(called":[14],"\"nosodes\")":[15],"are":[16],"effective":[17],"in":[18,52,187,221],"the":[19,92,166,188],"prevention":[20],"disease.":[23],"However,":[24],"no":[25],"rigorous":[26],"tests":[27],"this":[29,50],"claim":[30],"been":[32],"performed.":[33],"OBJECTIVE:":[34],"To":[35],"test":[36],"whether":[37],"a":[38,80,97,129,158,217],"nosode":[39,81,104,168,189,218],"Francisella":[41],"tularensis-infected":[42],"tissue":[43,85],"could":[44],"protect":[45],"from":[46,83,216,246,266],"subsequent":[47],"challenge":[48],"with":[49,128,195],"pathogen":[51],"vivo.":[53],"DESIGN:":[54],"Experimental":[55],"laboratory":[56,62],"test.":[57],"SETTING:":[58],"A":[59],"P3":[60],"containment":[61],"at":[63,95],"an":[64,258],"disease":[66],"research":[67],"facility.":[68],"PARTICIPANTS:":[69],"142":[70],"male":[71],"C3H/HeN":[72],"specific,":[73],"pathogen-free":[74],"mice.":[75],"INTERVENTION:":[76],"Six":[77],"levels":[78],"prepared":[82],"tularemia-infected":[84],"were":[86,90,109,126],"produced.":[87],"All":[88,176],"exposures":[89],"below":[91,223],"lowest":[93],"level":[94],"which":[96,250],"classical":[98],"vaccination":[99,251],"response":[100],"was":[101],"expected.":[102],"The":[103],"and":[105,122,145,152,191],"dilutent":[106],"control":[107],"solutions":[108],"administered":[110],"orally":[111],"(.03":[112],"mL,":[113],"3":[114],"times":[115,173],"per":[116],"week)":[117],"for":[118,141,249],"1":[119],"month":[120],"before":[121],"after":[123],"challenge.":[124],"Animals":[125],"challenged":[127],"potentially":[130],"lethal":[131],"dose":[132],"(LD50":[133],"or":[134,264],"LD75)":[135],"F":[137],"tularensis,":[138],"then":[139],"evaluated":[140],"time":[142,153,184],"death":[144,186],"total":[146],"mortality.":[147],"MAIN":[148],"OUTCOME":[149],"MEASURES:":[150],"Mortality":[151],"to":[154,174,185,204,226],"death.":[155,175],"RESULTS:":[156],"In":[157],"series":[159],"15":[161,180],"trials":[162,181],"(n":[163],"=":[164],"142),":[165],"tularemia":[167,220],"consistently":[169],"produced":[170,236],"increased":[171],"mean":[172],"but":[177,230],"2":[178],"showed":[182],"reduced":[183],"group":[190],"decreased":[192],"mortality":[193,265],"compared":[194,203],"controls.":[196],"Protection":[197],"rates":[198],"averaged":[199],"22%":[200],"over":[201],"controls":[202],"100%":[205],"protection":[206,215,245],"by":[207,237],"standard":[208,238],"vaccination.":[209,239],"CONCLUSIONS:":[210],"This":[211],"study":[212],"found":[213],"partial":[214],"those":[224,235],"expected":[225],"protective":[228],"effects,":[229],"not":[231],"as":[232,234],"great":[233],"If":[240],"nosodes":[242],"can":[243],"induce":[244],"is":[252],"currently":[253],"unavailable,":[254],"they":[255],"may":[256],"provide":[257],"interim":[259],"method":[260],"reducing":[262],"morbidity":[263],"such":[267],"agents.":[268]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
