{"id":"https://openalex.org/W631784964","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2015.05.008","title":"Black carbon exposure, socioeconomic and racial/ethnic spatial polarization, and the Index of Concentration at the Extremes (ICE)","display_name":"Black carbon exposure, socioeconomic and racial/ethnic spatial polarization, and the Index of Concentration at the Extremes (ICE)","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-06-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W631784964","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2015.05.008","mag":"631784964","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26093080","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4681506"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2015.05.008","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2015.05.008","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2015.05.008","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43487215","display_name":"Health & Place","issn_l":"1353-8292","issn":["1353-8292","1873-2054"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Health & Place","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4681506","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078276438","display_name":"Nancy Krieger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4815-5947","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4815-5947"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nancy Krieger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. Electronic address: nkrieger@hsph.harvard.edu","Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. Electronic address: nkrieger@hsph.harvard.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073481219","display_name":"Pamela D. Waterman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0187-7165","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0187-7165"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pamela D. Waterman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076094247","display_name":"Alexandros Gryparis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0563-0282","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0563-0282"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200777214","display_name":"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/04gnjpq42","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexandros Gryparis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology, and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical school, Athens, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology, and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical school, Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045303930","display_name":"Brent A. Coull","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1808-4156","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1808-4156"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brent A. Coull","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biostatistics and Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biostatistics and Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078276438"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"],"apc_list":{"value":3380,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3380},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":33.0921,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":113,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99575064,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":null,"first_page":"215","last_page":"228"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12259","display_name":"Environmental Justice and Health Disparities","score":0.9779999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12259","display_name":"Environmental Justice and Health Disparities","score":0.9779999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10190","display_name":"Air Quality and Health Impacts","score":0.01889999955892563,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10235","display_name":"Health disparities and outcomes","score":0.0026000000070780516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/socioeconomic-status","display_name":"socioeconomic status","score":0.5299999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-polarization","display_name":"spatial polarization","score":0.6470000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/index-of-concentration-at-the-extremes","display_name":"Index of Concentration at the Extremes","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-health","display_name":"environmental health","score":0.4129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-pollution-exposure","display_name":"air pollution exposure","score":0.6349999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boston","display_name":"Boston","score":0.3230000138282776}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147077947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1515895","display_name":"Socioeconomic status","level":3,"score":0.7629184722900391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137403100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710","display_name":"Ethnic group","level":2,"score":0.7346147894859314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994558172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107738887","display_name":"Census tract","level":4,"score":0.6295350790023804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.6203516721725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.5003724098205566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44038986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q764245","display_name":"Carbon black","level":3,"score":0.4862336218357086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205049153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2698605","display_name":"Polarization (electrochemistry)","level":2,"score":0.4564012587070465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816","display_name":"Index (typography)","level":2,"score":0.448058545589447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52130261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39825","display_name":"Census","level":3,"score":0.4352794885635376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.36364006996154785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45355965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1643441","display_name":"Socioeconomics","level":1,"score":0.3421770930290222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.18852335214614868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.17246916890144348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.11977210640907288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.08935612440109253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176933379","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131877","display_name":"Natural rubber","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147789679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372","display_name":"Physical chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000393","descriptor_name":"Air Pollutants","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001900","descriptor_name":"Boston","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002244","descriptor_name":"Carbon","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005006","descriptor_name":"Ethnicity","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005191","descriptor_name":"Family Characteristics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012959","descriptor_name":"Socioeconomic Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014504","descriptor_name":"Urban Health","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019352","descriptor_name":"Censuses","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D044469","descriptor_name":"Racial Groups","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2015.05.008","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2015.05.008","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2015.05.008","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43487215","display_name":"Health & Place","issn_l":"1353-8292","issn":["1353-8292","1873-2054"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Health & Place","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:26093080","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26093080","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Health & place","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:4681506","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4681506","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Health Place","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:4681506","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4681506","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Health Place","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.8974000215530396},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.4000000059604645}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1817070853","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ES000002.","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337361","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4769690452","display_name":"Harvard Chan School NIEHS Center for Environmental Health","funder_award_id":"P30ES000002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337361","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8632649213","display_name":"Statistical Informatics for Cancer Research","funder_award_id":"P01CA134294","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","funder_display_name":"National Cancer Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000918361","display_name":"Statistical Methods for Analysis of Massive Genetic and Genomic Data in Cancer Research","funder_award_id":"R35CA197449","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","funder_display_name":"National Cancer Institute"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306107","display_name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/03tns0030"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","display_name":"National Cancer Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/040gcmg81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337361","display_name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/00j4k1h63"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W623582284","https://openalex.org/W1963968919","https://openalex.org/W1978181903","https://openalex.org/W1978365473","https://openalex.org/W1982653613","https://openalex.org/W1987541658","https://openalex.org/W1994198151","https://openalex.org/W1994814791","https://openalex.org/W1997209948","https://openalex.org/W1997908919","https://openalex.org/W1998358849","https://openalex.org/W2005022401","https://openalex.org/W2008367437","https://openalex.org/W2012246608","https://openalex.org/W2018881035","https://openalex.org/W2023898663","https://openalex.org/W2025128905","https://openalex.org/W2046230186","https://openalex.org/W2053614647","https://openalex.org/W2057372992","https://openalex.org/W2065177690","https://openalex.org/W2067146511","https://openalex.org/W2075449310","https://openalex.org/W2080643046","https://openalex.org/W2081863507","https://openalex.org/W2082282046","https://openalex.org/W2093077888","https://openalex.org/W2109933771","https://openalex.org/W2113390659","https://openalex.org/W2117824321","https://openalex.org/W2120406225","https://openalex.org/W2134839815","https://openalex.org/W2137327482","https://openalex.org/W2139622368","https://openalex.org/W2142134925","https://openalex.org/W2147845826","https://openalex.org/W2152393165","https://openalex.org/W2157757373","https://openalex.org/W2160062079","https://openalex.org/W3042277045","https://openalex.org/W4210866424","https://openalex.org/W6996539780"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2075449310","https://openalex.org/W2180789874","https://openalex.org/W1978181903","https://openalex.org/W2082479349","https://openalex.org/W2092926090","https://openalex.org/W7098507994","https://openalex.org/W2089531753","https://openalex.org/W2063649199","https://openalex.org/W4320065913","https://openalex.org/W7120441945"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}