{"id":"https://openalex.org/W625929342","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.43-5585","title":"Sundown towns: a hidden dimension of American racism","display_name":"Sundown towns: a hidden dimension of American racism","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W625929342","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.43-5585","mag":"625929342"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5860/choice.43-5585","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.43-5585","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.43-5585","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764375719","display_name":"Choice Reviews Online","issn_l":"0009-4978","issn":["0009-4978","1523-8253","1943-5975"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316146","host_organization_name":"Association of College and Research Libraries","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316146","https://openalex.org/P4310315903"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association of College and Research Libraries","American Library Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Choice Reviews Online","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"book-review","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":183,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"43","issue":"09","first_page":"43","last_page":"5585"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12765","display_name":"Race, History, and American Society","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12765","display_name":"Race, History, and American Society","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11645","display_name":"Urban, Neighborhood, and Segregation Studies","score":0.0020000000949949026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10652","display_name":"Racial and Ethnic Identity Research","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sundown-towns","display_name":"sundown towns","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racism","display_name":"racism","score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/african-americans","display_name":"African Americans","score":0.8209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/northern-united-states","display_name":"northern United States","score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iowa","display_name":"Iowa","score":0.6140000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-exclusion","display_name":"racial exclusion","score":0.5009999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segregation","display_name":"segregation","score":0.5580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jim-crow","display_name":"Jim Crow","score":0.5910000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-violence","display_name":"racial violence","score":0.5070000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lynching","display_name":"lynching","score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-discrimination-in-housing","display_name":"racial discrimination in housing","score":0.5249999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-discrimination-in-employment","display_name":"racial discrimination in employment","score":0.7879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-discrimination-in-education","display_name":"racial discrimination in education","score":0.8650000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/police-profiling","display_name":"police profiling","score":0.6470000147819519}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139838865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8461","display_name":"Racism","level":2,"score":0.7352697849273682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33676613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13415176","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.5767005085945129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.4336188733577728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107038049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35986","display_name":"Aesthetics","level":1,"score":0.34200024604797363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.3408101201057434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.3321608304977417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.3305568993091583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10857647657394409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5860/choice.43-5585","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.43-5585","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.43-5585","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764375719","display_name":"Choice Reviews Online","issn_l":"0009-4978","issn":["0009-4978","1523-8253","1943-5975"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316146","host_organization_name":"Association of College and Research Libraries","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316146","https://openalex.org/P4310315903"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association of College and Research Libraries","American Library Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Choice Reviews Online","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7578999996185303,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1982598615","https://openalex.org/W4281767662","https://openalex.org/W7165534234","https://openalex.org/W6909855807","https://openalex.org/W4239607572","https://openalex.org/W7127209407","https://openalex.org/W4319828959","https://openalex.org/W4252700200","https://openalex.org/W7149676224","https://openalex.org/W7139090205"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Provocative":[0],"and":[1,11,17,61,77,211,237,266,271,304,319,331],"engaging,":[2],"Sundown":[3],"Towns":[4],"grabs":[5],"its":[6,172],"readers":[7,83],"by":[8,129],"the":[9,28,33,36,58,92,121,143,181,191,227,241,344,347],"jugular":[10],"forces":[12],"them":[13],"to":[14,41,53,125,170,207,215,230,252,255,293,338],"think":[15],"long":[16,95,335],"hard":[18],"about":[19],"northern":[20,159],"whites'":[21],"treatment":[22],"of":[23,27,66,120,133,146,193,223,349,358],"African":[24,175,200,257,272,298,332],"Americans.The":[25],"heart":[26],"discussion":[29],"centers":[30],"on":[31,186,285,352],"what":[32],"author":[34],"deems":[35],"phenomenon's":[37],"nadir":[38],"from":[39,73,101,203,261,278],"1890":[40,206],"1930.At":[42],"bottom,":[43],"this":[44],"is":[45],"a":[46,64,147,187,221],"very":[47,148],"important":[48],"book,":[49],"one":[50],"that":[51,164,190,212,307],"deserves":[52],"be":[54],"readand":[55],"mulled":[56],"over-by":[57],"general":[59],"public":[60],"scholars":[62],"alike.With":[63],"barrage":[65],"evidence,":[67],"largely":[68],"anecdotal":[69],"but":[70,346],"also":[71],"drawn":[72],"interviews,":[74],"memoirs,":[75],"newspapers,":[76],"statistical":[78],"analyses,":[79],"Loewen":[80],"overwhelms":[81],"his":[82],"with":[84,196,281],"an":[85,323],"irrefutable":[86],"assertion:":[87],"northerners,":[88],"especially":[89],"those":[90],"in":[91,103,117,154,157,180,205,209,220,312],"Midwest,":[93,122],"have":[94,107,233,243,249,290,334],"discouraged":[96,277],"if":[97],"not":[98,342],"prevented":[99],"blacks":[100,124,232,284,321],"settling":[102],"their":[104,127,310],"midst.These":[105],"efforts":[106,217],"taken":[108,234],"countless":[109],"forms,":[110],"including":[111],"blatant":[112],"posted":[113],"signs,":[114],"most":[115,356],"prevalent":[116,153],"southern":[118],"parts":[119],"warning":[123],"leave":[126],"locality":[128],"sundown.The":[130],"implicit":[131],"threat":[132],"violence":[134],"was":[135],"unmistakable.Sundown":[136],"notices,":[137],"however,":[138],"were":[139,259,274],"(and":[140],"remain)":[141],"merely":[142],"slightest":[144],"tip":[145],"large":[149],"iceberg,":[150],"seemingly":[151],"as":[152,156],"Iowa":[155,194,224],"other":[158],"states.Loewen":[160],"observes,":[161],"for":[162],"example,":[163],"white":[165],"Iowans":[166],"twice":[167],"rejected":[168],"referendums":[169],"give":[171],"extremely":[173],"small":[174],"American":[176],"population":[177],"voting":[178],"rights":[179],"mid-nineteenth":[182],"century,":[183],"only":[184],"agreeing":[185],"third":[188],"attempt;":[189],"number":[192],"counties":[195,225],"10":[197],"or":[198,276],"more":[199],"Americans":[201,258,273,299,333],"decreased":[202],"38":[204],"28":[208],"1930;":[210],"evidence":[213],"points":[214],"strong":[216],"at":[218,322],"exclusion":[219],"swath":[222],"along":[226],"Missouri":[228],"border.Attempts":[229],"dissuade":[231],"both":[235],"obvious":[236],"subtle":[238],"forms":[239],"over":[240],"years.Most":[242],"been":[244,291,336],"informal:":[245],"planned":[246],"housing":[247],"communities":[248],"routinely":[250],"refused":[251],"sell":[253],"homes":[254],"non-whites;":[256],"barred":[260,275],"better-paying":[262],"jobs;":[263],"white-driven":[264],"riots":[265],"lynchings":[267],"sent":[268],"clear":[269],"messages;":[270],"attending":[279],"schools":[280],"whites.In":[282],"addition,":[283],"high":[286],"school":[287],"sports":[288],"teams":[289],"subjected":[292],"open,":[294],"flagrantly":[295],"racist":[296],"taunts;":[297],"seldom":[300],"found":[301],"restaurants,":[302],"hotels,":[303],"gas":[305],"stations":[306],"would":[308],"take":[309],"business,":[311],"essence":[313],"preventing":[314],"long-distance":[315],"travel;":[316],"police":[317],"profiled":[318],"arrested":[320],"alarming":[324],"rate;":[325],"newspapers":[326],"simply":[327],"ignored":[328],"anti-black":[329],"behavior;":[330],"invisible":[337],"local":[339],"historians.Loewen":[340],"emphasizes":[341],"just":[343],"pattern":[345],"impact":[348],"sundown":[350],"towns":[351],"all":[353],"concerned.Even":[354],"today":[355],"residents":[357],"all-white":[359]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":15}],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}