{"id":"https://openalex.org/W613614613","doi":null,"title":"Famine in North Korea : markets, aid, and reform","display_name":"Famine in North Korea : markets, aid, and reform","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W613614613","mag":"613614613"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai::92548","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/92548/1/MPRA_paper_92548.pdf","pdf_url":"https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/92548/1/MPRA_paper_92548.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400553","display_name":"Munich Personal RePEc Archive (Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","host_organization_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"MPRA Paper"},"volume":null,"type":"report","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009887796","display_name":"Marcus Noland","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0599-0413","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0599-0413"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marcus Noland","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0599-0413","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051644288","display_name":"Stephan M. Haggard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1571-2580","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1571-2580"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephan Haggard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1571-2580","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":169,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13337","display_name":"Korean Peninsula Historical and Political Studies","score":0.9711999893188477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13337","display_name":"Korean Peninsula Historical and Political Studies","score":0.9711999893188477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14269","display_name":"Food Security and Socioeconomic Dynamics","score":0.019200000911951065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1100","display_name":"General Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11168","display_name":"International Development and Aid","score":0.0034000000450760126,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3303","display_name":"Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/north-korean-famine","display_name":"North Korean famine","score":0.8610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/humanitarian-aid","display_name":"humanitarian aid","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/food-imports","display_name":"food imports","score":0.6330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/food-self-sufficiency","display_name":"food self-sufficiency","score":0.7289999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marketization","display_name":"marketization","score":0.5070000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/household-coping-strategies","display_name":"household coping strategies","score":0.6890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/food-production-decline","display_name":"food production decline","score":0.5720000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-reform","display_name":"economic reform","score":0.5080000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/1995-floods","display_name":"1995 floods","score":0.5849999785423279}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778589402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168247","display_name":"Famine","level":2,"score":0.9370298385620117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5951591730117798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5417945384979248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.48726025223731995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017755267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2827815","display_name":"Food aid","level":4,"score":0.4352710545063019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779861158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1549811","display_name":"Generosity","level":2,"score":0.4323596954345703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3809622526168823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105639569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q582577","display_name":"Economic policy","level":1,"score":0.36691176891326904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3591121435165405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3577447831630707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.3247678875923157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.3214138150215149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C549605437","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1229911","display_name":"Food security","level":3,"score":0.254062294960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.24410882592201233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai::92548","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/92548/1/MPRA_paper_92548.pdf","pdf_url":"https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/92548/1/MPRA_paper_92548.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400553","display_name":"Munich Personal RePEc Archive (Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","host_organization_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"MPRA Paper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:pra:mprapa:92548","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/92548/1/MPRA_paper_92548.pdf","pdf_url":"https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/92548/1/MPRA_paper_92548.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"mag:613614613","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BA81896549","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306463045","display_name":"Columbia University Press eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316200","host_organization_name":"Columbia University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316200","https://openalex.org/P4310316010"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Columbia University Press","Columbia University"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Columbia University Press eBooks","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","display_name":"No poverty","score":0.8928999900817871},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.6735000014305115},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.5473999977111816},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.5217000246047974}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.5699999928474426}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7099771146","https://openalex.org/W1970404170","https://openalex.org/W1953417228","https://openalex.org/W1504858884","https://openalex.org/W3125617970","https://openalex.org/W1979323136","https://openalex.org/W7135514547","https://openalex.org/W2333526707","https://openalex.org/W2120578035","https://openalex.org/W2267183672"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"famine":[1,25,115,132,162],"in":[2,37,42,48,141,155,187,211,227],"the":[3,18,24,40,46,55,60,67,95,103,108,111,114,131,139,145,151,205,212,215,219],"1990s":[4],"killed":[5],"as":[6,8,79,159],"many":[7],"1":[9],"million":[10],"North":[11,20,152,206],"Koreans":[12],"or":[13,86],"roughly":[14],"5":[15],"percent":[16],"of":[17,57,107,113,120,138,165,214,229,236],"population.":[19],"Korean":[21,153,207],"claims":[22],"that":[23],"was":[26,62,222],"due":[27],"primarily":[28],"to":[29,65,70,102,134,184,194,234],"natural":[30],"disasters":[31],"and":[32,45,116,169,218,231],"external":[33],"shocks":[34],"were":[35,51],"misleading":[36],"important":[38],"respects:":[39],"decline":[41],"food":[43,73,81,121,174],"production":[44],"deterioration":[47],"internal":[49],"conditions":[50],"visible":[52],"years":[53],"before":[54],"floods":[56],"1995,":[58],"but":[59],"government":[61,91,154,208],"culpably":[63],"slow":[64],"take":[66],"necessary":[68],"steps":[69],"guarantee":[71],"adequate":[72],"supplies.":[74],"With":[75],"plausible":[76],"policy":[77,147],"adjustments\u2014such":[78],"maintaining":[80],"imports":[82,119],"on":[83,173],"commercial":[84,118],"terms":[85,228],"aggressively":[87],"seeking":[88],"multilateral":[89],"assistance\u2014the":[90],"could":[92],"have":[93],"avoided":[94],"famine.":[96],"Instead,":[97],"it":[98],"blocked":[99],"humanitarian":[100,123],"aid":[101,237],"hardest":[104],"hit":[105],"parts":[106],"country":[109],"during":[110,130],"peak":[112],"curtailed":[117],"once":[122],"assistance":[124],"began.":[125],"Coping":[126],"responses":[127],"by":[128,144,150],"households":[129],"contributed":[133],"a":[135,160,170,179],"bottom-up":[136],"marketization":[137],"economy,":[140],"effect,":[142],"ratified":[143],"economic":[146],"changes":[148],"introduced":[149],"2002.":[156],"What":[157],"began":[158],"socialist":[161],"arising":[163],"out":[164],"failed":[166],"agricultural":[167],"policies":[168],"misguided":[171],"emphasis":[172],"self-sufficiency":[175],"has":[176],"evolved":[177],"into":[178],"chronic":[180],"emergency":[181],"more":[182],"akin":[183],"those":[185],"observed":[186],"market":[188],"economies.":[189],"The":[190],"world":[191],"community":[192],"responded":[193],"this":[195],"tragedy":[196],"with":[197],"considerable":[198],"generosity.":[199],"Yet":[200],"at":[201],"virtually":[202],"every":[203],"point,":[204],"placed":[209],"roadblocks":[210],"way":[213],"donor":[216],"community,":[217],"relief":[220],"effort":[221],"woefully":[223],"below":[224],"international":[225],"standards":[226],"transparency":[230],"effectiveness.":[232],"Up":[233],"half":[235],"deliveries":[238],"did":[239],"not":[240],"reach":[241],"their":[242],"intended":[243],"recipients.":[244]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":18}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}