{"id":"https://openalex.org/W613249930","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.41-4865","title":"Foul means: the formation of a slave society in Virginia, 1660-1740","display_name":"Foul means: the formation of a slave society in Virginia, 1660-1740","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W613249930","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.41-4865","mag":"613249930"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5860/choice.41-4865","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.41-4865","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.41-4865","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764375719","display_name":"Choice Reviews Online","issn_l":"0009-4978","issn":["0009-4978","1523-8253","1943-5975"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316146","host_organization_name":"Association of College and Research Libraries","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316146","https://openalex.org/P4310315903"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association of College and Research Libraries","American Library Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Choice Reviews Online","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"book-review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":152,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"41","issue":"08","first_page":"41","last_page":"4865"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12144","display_name":"Colonialism, slavery, and trade","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12144","display_name":"Colonialism, slavery, and trade","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12512","display_name":"History of Colonial Brazil","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12765","display_name":"Race, History, and American Society","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-slavery","display_name":"racial slavery","score":0.8859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virginia","display_name":"Virginia","score":0.5740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/planter-class","display_name":"planter class","score":0.8679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indentured-labour","display_name":"indentured labor","score":0.8489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tobacco-trade","display_name":"tobacco trade","score":0.7250000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/slavery-law","display_name":"slave law","score":0.5120000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/slave-resistance","display_name":"slave resistance","score":0.5820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/colonial-virginia","display_name":"colonial Virginia","score":0.49300000071525574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.49351584911346436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.3727372884750366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95124753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875686","display_name":"Environmental ethics","level":1,"score":0.33580464124679565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3085775375366211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.1575392782688141}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5860/choice.41-4865","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.41-4865","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.41-4865","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764375719","display_name":"Choice Reviews Online","issn_l":"0009-4978","issn":["0009-4978","1523-8253","1943-5975"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316146","host_organization_name":"Association of College and Research Libraries","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316146","https://openalex.org/P4310315903"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association of College and Research Libraries","American Library Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Choice Reviews Online","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W20564427","https://openalex.org/W2952965443","https://openalex.org/W2127884440","https://openalex.org/W2324308315","https://openalex.org/W4309950532","https://openalex.org/W1481633282","https://openalex.org/W598748636","https://openalex.org/W3171163153","https://openalex.org/W2020735160","https://openalex.org/W4704703"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Challenging":[0],"the":[1,6,32,66,71,79,88,94,110,175,177,207,218,230,270,275,281],"generally":[2],"accepted":[3],"belief":[4],"that":[5,26,85,185,224],"introduction":[7],"of":[8,17,68,90,96,146,210,217,220,257,273],"racial":[9,54,127,133,244],"slavery":[10,55,128,245],"to":[11,46,56,75,103,112,140,150,163,172,246,251],"America":[12],"was":[13],"an":[14,97],"unplanned":[15],"consequence":[16],"a":[18,28,39,161,181,213,226,237],"scarce":[19],"labor":[20,111],"market,":[21],"Anthony":[22],"Parent,":[23,173],"Jr.,":[24],"contends":[25],"during":[27,225,261,280],"brief":[29,227],"period":[30,228,263],"spanning":[31,229],"late":[33,231],"seventeenth":[34],"and":[35,78,109,120,134,152,166,200,233],"early":[36,234],"eighteenth":[37],"centuries":[38],"small":[40,238],"but":[41,239],"powerful":[42,240],"planter":[43,100,124,241],"class,":[44],"acting":[45],"further":[47,155],"its":[48],"emerging":[49,98],"economic":[50,119],"interests,":[51],"intentionally":[52],"brought":[53,243],"Virginia.":[57],"Parent":[58,222,253],"bases":[59],"his":[60],"argument":[61],"on":[62,93,192],"three":[63],"historical":[64],"developments:":[65],"expropriation":[67],"Powhatan":[69],"lands,":[70],"switch":[72],"from":[73,188],"indentured":[74],"slave":[76,278],"labor,":[77],"burgeoning":[80],"tobacco":[81],"trade.":[82],"He":[83],"argues":[84,223],"these":[86],"were":[87],"result":[89],"calculated":[91],"moves":[92],"part":[95],"great":[99],"class":[101,125,135,242],"seeking":[102],"consolidate":[104],"power":[105],"through":[106],"large":[107],"landholdings":[108],"make":[113],"them":[114,169,187],"productive.":[115],"To":[116,154],"preserve":[117],"their":[118,142,189],"social":[121],"gains,":[122],"this":[123,156,262],"inscribed":[126],"into":[129],"law.":[130],"The":[131],"ensuing":[132],"tensions":[136],"led":[137],"elite":[138],"planters":[139],"mythologize":[141],"position":[143],"as":[144],"gentlemen":[145],"pastoral":[147],"virtue":[148],"immune":[149],"competition":[151],"corruption.":[153],"benevolent":[157],"image,":[158],"they":[159],"implemented":[160],"plan":[162],"Christianize":[164],"slaves":[165],"thereby":[167],"render":[168],"submissive.":[170],"According":[171],"by":[174,196,201],"1720s":[176],"Virginia":[178],"gentry":[179],"projected":[180],"distinctive":[182],"cultural":[183],"ethos":[184],"buffered":[186],"uncertain":[190],"hold":[191],"authority,":[193],"threatened":[194],"both":[195],"rising":[197],"imperial":[198],"control":[199],"black":[202,215,259],"resistance,":[203],"which":[204],"exploded":[205],"in":[206,249],"Chesapeake":[208,271],"Rebellion":[209,272],"1730.":[211],"|Offering":[212],"provocative":[214],"interpretation":[216],"development":[219],"slavery,":[221],"17th":[232],"18th":[235],"centuries,":[236],"Virginia,":[247],"and,":[248],"turn,":[250],"America.":[252],"finds":[254],"more":[255],"evidence":[256],"pervasive":[258],"rebellions":[260],"than":[264],"previous":[265],"historians":[266],"have":[267],"suggested,":[268],"especially":[269],"1730,":[274],"largest":[276],"continental":[277],"rebellion":[279],"colonial":[282],"era.":[283]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
