{"id":"https://openalex.org/W609533492","doi":null,"title":"The Rise of the Testocracy: An Essay on the LSAT, Conventional Wisdom, and the Dismantling of Diversity","display_name":"The Rise of the Testocracy: An Essay on the LSAT, Conventional Wisdom, and the Dismantling of Diversity","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W609533492","mag":"609533492"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:609533492","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-54424625/the-rise-of-the-testocracy-an-essay-on-the-lsat","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764492221","display_name":"Texas journal of women and the law","issn_l":"1058-5427","issn":["1058-5427"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Texas journal of women and the law","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010890368","display_name":"William C. Kidder","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3764-020X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3764-020X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"William C. Kidder","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5010890368"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.19782444,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"2","first_page":"167","last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12755","display_name":"Legal Education and Practice Innovations","score":0.24130000174045563,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12755","display_name":"Legal Education and Practice Innovations","score":0.24130000174045563,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11384","display_name":"Critical Race Theory in Education","score":0.18639999628067017,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.08669999986886978,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lsat","display_name":"LSAT","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-bias","display_name":"test bias","score":0.8550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criterion-validity","display_name":"criterion validity","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law-school-admissions","display_name":"law school admissions","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diversity-in-legal-education","display_name":"diversity in legal education","score":0.7170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-bias","display_name":"gender bias","score":0.6980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-and-ethnic-bias","display_name":"racial and ethnic bias","score":0.8360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/socioeconomic-background","display_name":"socioeconomic background","score":0.4259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personality-types","display_name":"personality types","score":0.3199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/predictive-validity","display_name":"predictive validity","score":0.41999998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct-validity","display_name":"construct validity","score":0.3100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expert-opinion","display_name":"expert opinion","score":0.3540000021457672}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.7578146457672119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781316041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230584","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","level":2,"score":0.5948381423950195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4850822985172272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.47117215394973755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148220186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7111912","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","level":2,"score":0.46777263283729553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203151758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3244907","display_name":"Standardized test","level":2,"score":0.45973244309425354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.4550217092037201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.4438202977180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.39592331647872925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.23503467440605164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.2303655743598938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.18375620245933533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.15799370408058167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.10449442267417908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:609533492","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-54424625/the-rise-of-the-testocracy-an-essay-on-the-lsat","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764492221","display_name":"Texas journal of women and the law","issn_l":"1058-5427","issn":["1058-5427"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Texas journal of women and the law","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8974000215530396,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W89417645","https://openalex.org/W3034124031","https://openalex.org/W243816566","https://openalex.org/W2991937163","https://openalex.org/W2803149200","https://openalex.org/W196390250","https://openalex.org/W2089545896","https://openalex.org/W333367598","https://openalex.org/W1489078846","https://openalex.org/W2897342236"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Test":[0,64,555],"bias":[1,78,89,122,147,162,198,526],"research":[2,391],"that":[3,20,36,135,156,212,235,280,307,312,318,343,433,451,466,519,565,579],"examines":[4],"the":[5,9,18,21,33,55,60,80,84,108,117,136,190,213,236,263,281,298,304,319,323,328,338,344,351,364,370,373,395,452,467,477,482,495,505,509,516,521,540,546,558,563,566,577,580,607,615,627],"predictive":[6,92,528,587],"accuracy":[7,34],"of":[8,35,74,86,120,127,139,166,171,230,238,262,294,306,325,330,353,366,372,388,397,455,498,508,539,545,554,574,596,610,625,629,633],"test":[10,32,88,121,140,197,295,525],"for":[11,58,327,480,589],"different":[12],"groups":[13,436],"typically":[14],"is":[15,27,38,54,94,314,356,458,476,490,568,576],"based":[16,404],"on":[17,79,150,363,405],"assumption":[19,37],"outcome":[22],"variable":[23,609],"(e.g.,":[24],"(first-year":[25],"averages])":[26],"not":[28,502,585,622],"biased.":[29],"Research":[30],"to":[31,48,66,113,201,256,302,357,392,413,438,493,503,511,562,592,599],"lacking.2":[39],"-":[40],"Linda":[41],"F.":[42],"Wightman":[43],"I.":[44],"Introduction":[45],"The":[46,543,551],"ability":[47],"predict":[49],"first-year":[50,611],"law":[51,68,272,398,470,612],"school":[52,69,154,273,399,471,613],"grades":[53,472],"raison":[56],"d'etre":[57],"using":[59,481],"Law":[61,282,548],"School":[62,283,549],"Admission":[63,284],"(LSAT)":[65],"select":[67],"students.3":[70],"Therefore,":[71],"any":[72],"analysis":[73],"gender":[75],"or":[76,251,572,594],"racial/ethnic":[77],"LSAT":[81,320,474,567,581,616],"must":[82],"confront":[83],"issue":[85],"how":[87,115,394,515],"(in":[90],"a":[91,124,151,169,228,291,334,382],"sense)":[93],"predominantly":[95],"defined":[96],"and":[97,168,179,183,185,203,220,417,425,473,527,534,631],"measured.":[98],"To":[99],"point":[100],"out":[101],"problematic":[102],"assumptions":[103,518],"with":[104,249,447],"conventional":[105,137,194,522],"wisdom":[106,195,523],"regarding":[107],"LSAT,":[109,510],"I":[110,133,209,233,277,310,385,463],"will":[111,210,240,278],"attempt":[112,492],"reveal":[114,514],"unfairly":[116],"standard":[118],"definition":[119,138,293],"treats":[123],"broad":[125],"range":[126],"outsider":[173],"groups.":[129,174],"In":[130,207,601],"this":[131,225,431],"article,":[132],"argue":[134,211,279,311,450,465],"bias-the":[141],"linear":[142],"regression":[143,214],"model-can":[144],"actually":[145],"mask":[146],"by":[148,161,245,346,461,484],"relying":[149],"criterion":[152,608],"(law":[153],"grades)":[155],"also":[157,486],"may":[158],"be":[159,439],"contaminated":[160,460],"against":[163,570,606],"women,":[164],"people":[165,573,595,632],"color,":[167],"host":[170],"other":[172,367,602],"This":[175,187,488],"critique":[176],"moves":[177],"back":[178],"forth":[180],"between":[181,469],"satire4":[182],"commentary":[184],"analysis.5":[186],"format":[188],"highlights":[189],"ways":[191],"in":[192,254,269,536],"which":[193,347],"about":[196,369,524],"logically":[199],"leads":[200],"shocking":[202],"unacceptable":[204],"social":[205,265],"consequences.":[206],"addition,":[208],"model":[215],"rests":[216],"upon":[217,290],"internally":[218],"contradictory":[219],"socially":[221,532],"decontextualized":[222],"assumptions.":[223],"While":[224],"article":[226,489],"involves":[227],"number":[229],"technical":[231],"issues,":[232],"hope":[234],"vehicle":[237],"satire":[239],"facilitate":[241],"an":[242,259,491,618],"inclusive":[243],"audience":[244],"allowing":[246],"those":[247],"readers":[248],"little":[250],"no":[252],"background":[253],"psychometrics":[255],"still":[257],"get":[258],"intuitive":[260],"sense":[261],"high-stakes":[264],"justice":[266],"concerns":[267],"imbedded":[268],"seemingly":[270],"neutral":[271],"admission":[274],"policy":[275],"decisions.6":[276],"Council":[285],"(LSAC)":[286],"relies":[287],"too":[288],"heavily":[289],"criterion-related":[292,354],"bias-while":[296],"at":[297,337,512],"same":[299],"time":[300],"failing":[301],"validate":[303],"fairness":[305],"criterion.":[308],"Consequently,":[309],"it":[313],"far":[315],"from":[316],"established":[317],"validly":[321],"measures":[322],"construct":[324],"potential":[326],"study":[329],"law.":[331],"Samuel":[332],"Messick,":[333],"senior":[335],"researcher":[336],"Educational":[339],"Testing":[340],"Service,":[341],"suggests":[342],"method":[345],"one":[348],"can":[349,400],"transcend":[350],"circularity":[352],"validity7":[355],"evaluate":[358],"(and":[359],"inform)":[360],"expert":[361],"judgment":[362],"basis":[365],"evidence":[368],"structure":[371],"behavioral":[374,453],"domain":[375,454],"under":[376],"scrutiny.8":[377],"With":[378],"Messick's":[379],"suggestion":[380],"as":[381],"starting":[383],"point,":[384],"review":[386],"decades":[387],"legal":[389,456],"education":[390,457],"show":[393],"environment":[396],"systematically":[401],"disadvantage":[402],"outsiders":[403],"their":[406],"gender,":[407],"race,":[408],"ethnicity,":[409],"personality":[410],"type,":[411],"commitment":[412],"public":[414],"interest":[415],"work,":[416],"socioeconomic":[418],"background-even":[419],"when":[420,604],"entering":[421],"credentials":[422],"(LSAT":[423],"scores":[424],"UGPAs)":[426],"are":[427,530],"held":[428],"constant.":[429],"From":[430],"finding":[432],"most":[434,559],"tend":[437],"overpredicted-that":[440],"is,":[441],"perform":[442],"less":[443],"well":[444],"than":[445],"others":[446],"equal":[448,583],"credentials-I":[449],"itself":[459],"bias.":[462],"therefore":[464],"correlation":[468],"scores-which":[475],"basic":[478],"justification":[479],"test-is,":[483],"implication,":[485],"questionable.":[487],"use":[494],"master's":[506],"tools9":[497],"educational":[499],"measurement":[500],"if":[501,584],"dismantle":[504],"house":[507],"least":[513],"foundational":[517],"support":[520],"validity":[529,588],"untenable,":[531],"regressive,":[533],"result":[535],"systematic":[537],"blaming":[538],"victim.":[541],"II.":[542],"Chronicle":[544],"Discriminatory":[547],"A.":[550],"Regression":[552],"Model":[553],"Bias":[556],"Undoubtedly,":[557],"frequent":[560],"response":[561],"criticism":[564],"biased":[569],"women":[571,590,630],"color":[575,597],"assertion":[578],"has":[582],"better":[586],"compared":[591,598],"men":[593],"whites.":[600],"words,":[603],"measured":[605],"grades,":[614],"does":[617],"equally":[619],"good":[620],"(if":[621],"better)":[623],"job":[624],"predicting":[626],"performance":[628],"color.":[634],"\u2026":[635]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}