{"id":"https://openalex.org/W606718403","doi":null,"title":"U.S. relations with the World Bank, 1945-1992","display_name":"U.S. relations with the World Bank, 1945-1992","publication_year":1994,"publication_date":"1994-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W606718403","mag":"606718403"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-007254873","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007254873&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042995791","display_name":"Catherine Gwin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Catherine Gwin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042995791"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1866,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":93,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87066667,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11168","display_name":"International Development and Aid","score":0.9740999937057495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3303","display_name":"Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11168","display_name":"International Development and Aid","score":0.9740999937057495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3303","display_name":"Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10053","display_name":"International Relations and Foreign Policy","score":0.020800000056624413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14112","display_name":"Economic, financial, and policy analysis","score":0.0017000000225380063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-bank","display_name":"World Bank","score":0.8600000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/us-foreign-policy","display_name":"US foreign policy","score":0.8429999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilateral-development-finance","display_name":"multilateral development finance","score":0.6990000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/united-states-congress","display_name":"United States Congress","score":0.4519999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reagan-administration","display_name":"Reagan administration","score":0.6740000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/debt-crisis","display_name":"debt crisis","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/credit-decisions","display_name":"credit decision-making","score":0.5680000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transforming-economies","display_name":"transforming economies","score":0.8180000185966492}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84505015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209380","display_name":"Chinese financial system","level":3,"score":0.5457829236984253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541756307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65224","display_name":"Monetary reform","level":4,"score":0.5128743648529053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120527767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3196867","display_name":"Debt","level":2,"score":0.5046614408493042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.48912912607192993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.4857923984527588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.4612487852573395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.4529487192630768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38070178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1164340","display_name":"Bank rate","level":4,"score":0.44747281074523926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3963096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7079583","display_name":"Official cash rate","level":5,"score":0.44656211137771606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93377909","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181648","display_name":"Foreign policy","level":3,"score":0.43714994192123413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105639569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q582577","display_name":"Economic policy","level":1,"score":0.43409180641174316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162127614","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5928045","display_name":"Ambivalence","level":2,"score":0.4109012484550476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126285488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178476","display_name":"Monetary policy","level":2,"score":0.3727923631668091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73283319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1416617","display_name":"Financial system","level":1,"score":0.36388087272644043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.3278343081474304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189722922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q667481","display_name":"Open market operation","level":3,"score":0.2757193446159363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.23052895069122314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992735868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q66344","display_name":"Central bank","level":3,"score":0.21926450729370117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165556158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83937","display_name":"Keynesian economics","level":1,"score":0.18411722779273987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0968245267868042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-007254873","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007254873&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:606718403","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BA24080835","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.5217000246047974}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.5199999809265137}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3113690603","https://openalex.org/W3122577421","https://openalex.org/W4239859327","https://openalex.org/W1928694610","https://openalex.org/W2791036558","https://openalex.org/W2134760097","https://openalex.org/W2955955542","https://openalex.org/W2953638902","https://openalex.org/W2289776960","https://openalex.org/W2500444460"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Beginning":[0],"with":[1],"the":[2,6,11,15,23,25,37,39,42,49,52,57,67,71,74,89,93,96,118,135,146,150,176,198,206,223,228,236],"US":[3,20,31,46,62,107,147,173,195,209],"role":[4,226],"in":[5,30,36,41,51,64,197,208],"design":[7],"and":[8,17,70,78,99,120,129,189,211,219,231],"start-up":[9],"of":[10,19,28,45,56,76,95,126,222,227,238],"bank,":[12],"Gwin":[13,170],"describes":[14],"ebb":[16],"flow":[18],"support":[21,47],"for":[22,48,235],"bank:":[24],"increasing":[26],"activism":[27],"congress":[29],"World":[32,229],"Bank":[33,50,90,119,151,178,199,230,239],"policy":[34,128,174,196,213],"starting":[35],"1970s,":[38],"breakdown":[40],"bipartisan":[43],"character":[44],"early":[53],"Reagan":[54],"years":[55],"1980s,":[58],"followed":[59],"by":[60,145],"renewed":[61],"attention":[63],"response":[65],"to":[66,106,148,152,156,158],"debt":[68],"crisis,":[69],"entry":[72],"into":[73],"bank":[75],"Russia":[77],"other":[79],"transforming":[80],"economies.":[81],"The":[82],"book":[83,136],"disputes":[84],"both":[85,186],"those":[86,100],"who":[87,101],"see":[88,102],"as":[91,104],"under":[92],"thumb":[94],"United":[97],"States":[98],"it":[103,110,165],"unresponsive":[105],"concerns.":[108],"What":[109],"reveals":[111],"is":[112],"more":[113],"concurrence":[114],"than":[115,215],"controversy":[116],"between":[117],"its":[121],"largest":[122],"share-holder":[123],"on":[124,130],"matters":[125],"broad":[127],"most":[131],"lending":[132],"decisions.":[133],"But":[134],"also":[137],"highlights":[138],"constant,":[139],"but":[140],"not":[141,155],"always":[142,180],"consistent":[143],"efforts":[144],"pressure":[149],"lend":[153],"(or":[154,167],"lend)":[157],"specific":[159,162],"countries":[160],"or":[161],"activities":[163],"that":[164,172],"favours":[166],"opposes).":[168],"Overall,":[169],"suggests":[171],"toward":[175,185],"Worls":[177],"has":[179,200],"reflected":[181],"an":[182],"underlying":[183],"ambivalence":[184],"development":[187,224],"assisstance":[188],"multilateral":[190],"cooperation.":[191],"As":[192],"a":[193,217,232],"result,":[194],"been":[201],"erratic":[202],"-":[203],"often":[204],"reflecting":[205],"swings":[207],"politics":[210],"foreign":[212],"rather":[214],"presenting":[216],"clear":[218],"coherent":[220],"view":[221],"financing":[225],"rigorous":[233],"concern":[234],"effectiveness":[237],"operations.":[240]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-10-25T09:29:13.331239","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}