{"id":"https://openalex.org/W60303926","doi":null,"title":"High Deductible Health Plans and Health Care Spending: Revisiting the Rand Health Insurance Experiment","display_name":"High Deductible Health Plans and Health Care Spending: Revisiting the Rand Health Insurance Experiment","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W60303926","mag":"60303926"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:60303926","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=994705","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=994705","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048757486","display_name":"Laurence C. Baker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5032-794X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5032-794X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321305853","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04grmx538","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laurence C. Baker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University","National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028634621","display_name":"M. Kate Bundorf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9824-4868","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9824-4868"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321305853","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04grmx538","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Kate Bundorf","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)","Stanford University - Department of Health Research and Policy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9824-4868","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University - Department of Health Research and Policy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086808417","display_name":"Anne Beeson Royalty","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55769427","display_name":"Indiana University \u2013 Purdue University Indianapolis","ror":"https://ror.org/05gxnyn08","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55769427","https://openalex.org/I592451"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I592451","display_name":"Indiana University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kg8sb98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anne Beeson Royalty","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indiana University Purdue University at Indianapol"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indiana University Purdue University at Indianapol","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55769427","https://openalex.org/I592451"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10391","display_name":"Healthcare Policy and Management","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10391","display_name":"Healthcare Policy and Management","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11531","display_name":"Healthcare Systems and Reforms","score":0.0015999999595806003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10517","display_name":"Financial Literacy, Pension, Retirement Analysis","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-deductible-health-plans","display_name":"high-deductible health plans","score":0.9819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/healthcare-spending","display_name":"health care spending","score":0.9419999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rand-health-insurance-experiment","display_name":"RAND Health Insurance Experiment","score":0.9100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-insurance-coverage","display_name":"health insurance coverage","score":0.31200000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cost-sharing","display_name":"cost sharing","score":0.45100000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matched-comparison-groups","display_name":"matched comparison groups","score":0.4009999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care-utilization","display_name":"health care utilization","score":0.3310000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care-access","display_name":"health care access","score":0.4050000011920929}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776829726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1759284","display_name":"Deductible","level":2,"score":0.9807100296020508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162118730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453","display_name":"Actuarial science","level":1,"score":0.5682536363601685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.5365687608718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30772137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164762","display_name":"Consumption (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.494233638048172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983635472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334911","display_name":"Health insurance","level":3,"score":0.48487934470176697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994140446","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health spending","level":4,"score":0.4569987654685974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.44408491253852844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4070815443992615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.3977094888687134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100001284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246","display_name":"Public economics","level":1,"score":0.3581857681274414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.14230379462242126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:60303926","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=994705","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"mag:60303926","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=994705","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2026618440","https://openalex.org/W2793783691","https://openalex.org/W3118473234","https://openalex.org/W98803712","https://openalex.org/W3022544757","https://openalex.org/W2891667714","https://openalex.org/W1887328332","https://openalex.org/W169082843","https://openalex.org/W1969796591","https://openalex.org/W3150490477"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Considerable":[0],"attention":[1],"in":[2,62,68,114,119,216,248,259,292,337,356,432,438,450,467,493,549],"the":[3,9,18,23,44,56,96,112,133,137,166,174,227,231,239,254,275,283,288,310,326,329,332,338,342,370,380,385,388,406,414,419,427,454,470,476,479,494,501,518,529,535,544],"U.S.":[4],"has":[5],"been":[6,351,355],"focused":[7],"on":[8,158,221],"development":[10],"of":[11,26,111,124,136,173,194,204,274,290,312,320,328,341,363,374,408,416,426,503,524],"high":[12,64,122,134,143,482,491,511],"deductible":[13,57,65,144,251,276,339,359,382,434,483,512,536],"insurance":[14],"plans,":[15],"largely":[16],"with":[17,74,105,121,183,192,262,295,303,440,475,554],"expectation":[19],"that":[20,81,233,285,478],"consumers":[21],"facing":[22],"full":[24],"price":[25],"medical":[27],"care":[28],"will":[29],"make":[30,230],"more":[31],"efficient":[32],"consumption":[33],"choices.":[34],"While":[35],"moving":[36],"to":[37,58,129,180,190,308,331,369,379,412,436,486,520],"higher":[38,264,441],"deductibles":[39,107,193],"should":[40],"reduce":[41,488],"spending":[42,54,113,214,222,291,334,348,365,375,431,437,449,468,489,495,525,533,550],"below":[43,453,534],"deductible,":[45,185,265,297,455,530,545],"economic":[46],"theory":[47],"does":[48],"not":[49,142],"provide":[50],"strong":[51,445],"rationale":[52],"for":[53,153,316,376,447,465,481,506,522,531,547,552],"above":[55,226,469],"be":[59,84,268,367,392,402,458],"any":[60,115,317],"different":[61,555],"a":[63,75,198,236,241,249,260,263,293,299,357],"plan":[66,73,252,261],"than":[67],"an":[69,271],"otherwise":[70],"similar":[71,397],"health":[72,145,181,484],"lower":[76],"deductible.":[77,228,471],"Proponents,":[78],"however,":[79],"argue":[80],"there":[82,234],"might":[83,457,540],"savings":[85,103,131,509],"and":[86,186,225,253,298,344,384,421,546],"some":[87,176],"data":[88,164],"provides":[89],"at":[90,132,224,490],"least":[91],"indirect":[92],"support.":[93],"For":[94],"example,":[95],"Rand":[97,167],"Health":[98,168],"Insurance":[99,169],"Experiment":[100],"suggests":[101],"sizable":[102],"associated":[104],"increasing":[106],"and,":[108],"since":[109],"most":[110],"population":[116,294,302,354],"is":[117,151,235,473,497],"centered":[118],"people":[120],"levels":[123],"spending,":[125],"this":[126,313,353,504],"would":[127,243,257,349],"seem":[128],"imply":[130],"end":[135],"distribution.":[138],"Understanding":[139],"whether":[140],"or":[141,197,202,396],"plans":[146,182,191,435,439,452,485],"can":[147,267,324,366,391,401,515],"affect":[148],"high-spending":[149],"patients":[150],"important":[152],"assessing":[154],"their":[155,205,347],"likely":[156],"impacts":[157],"spending.":[159],"To":[160],"investigate,":[161],"we":[162,286,323,461],"reexamine":[163],"from":[165,510],"Experiment.":[170],"In":[171],"parts":[172],"HIE,":[175],"families":[177,336,553],"were":[178,188,247],"randomized":[179,189,378],"no":[184,463],"others":[187],"either":[195],"$1,000":[196],"percentage":[199],"(5,":[200],"10,":[201],"15%)":[203],"total":[206],"family":[207,242],"income,":[208],"whichever":[209],"was":[210],"smaller.":[211],"We":[212,229,280,443,499,514,558],"examine":[213],"patterns":[215,223,551],"these":[217,562],"two":[218,389],"groups,":[219],"focusing":[220],"assumption":[232],"relationship":[237],"between":[238,387,418],"amount":[240,255],"spend":[244,258],"if":[245],"they":[246,256],"0":[250,296,358,381,433],"which":[266],"expressed":[269],"as":[270,456,526],"invertible":[272],"function":[273,321,330,410,429],"(and":[277],"other":[278],"characteristics).":[279],"then":[281],"use":[282],"fact":[284],"observe":[287],"distribution":[289,362,373,496],"matched":[300],"(randomized)":[301],"non-zero":[304],"but":[305],"known":[306],"deductibles,":[307],"estimate":[309,345],"parameters":[311,411],"function.":[314],"Specifically,":[315],"hypothesized":[318],"set":[319],"parameters,":[322],"apply":[325],"inverse":[327],"observed":[333,372],"by":[335,394],"arm":[340],"HIE":[343],"what":[346],"have":[350],"had":[352],"plan.":[360],"The":[361],"predicted":[364,420],"compared":[368],"true":[371],"persons":[377],"plan,":[383],"difference":[386],"distributions":[390],"summarized":[393],"Kolmagorov-Smirnov":[395],"statistics.":[398],"This":[399,472],"process":[400],"performed":[403],"iteratively":[404],"over":[405],"space":[407],"possible":[409],"minimize":[413],"measures":[415],"deviation":[417],"actual":[422],"distributions,":[423],"producing":[424],"estimates":[425],"optimal":[428],"relating":[430],"deductibles.":[442],"find":[444,462],"evidence":[446,464],"reduced":[448],"higher-deductible":[451],"expected.":[459],"However,":[460],"reductions":[466],"consistent":[474],"view":[477],"potential":[480],"significantly":[487],"points":[492],"limited.":[498],"discuss":[500],"implications":[502],"finding":[505],"predictions":[507],"about":[508],"plans.":[513],"also":[516],"extend":[517],"model":[519],"allow":[521],"acceleration":[523],"individuals":[527],"approach":[528],"faster":[532],"among":[537],"those":[538],"who":[539],"reasonably":[541],"anticipate":[542],"reaching":[543],"variations":[548],"demographic":[556],"characteristics.":[557],"are":[559],"currently":[560],"exploring":[561],"extensions.":[563]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:32:53.992493","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}