{"id":"https://openalex.org/W600808151","doi":null,"title":"Performance of vertical and horizontal barriers","display_name":"Performance of vertical and horizontal barriers","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W600808151","mag":"600808151"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:600808151","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://trid.trb.org/view/1204233","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006555374","display_name":"Malcolm L Steinberg","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Malcolm L Steinberg","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006555374"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.2063081,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11375","display_name":"Geotechnical Engineering and Soil Stabilization","score":0.9193999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11375","display_name":"Geotechnical Engineering and Soil Stabilization","score":0.9193999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13236","display_name":"Geotechnical and construction materials studies","score":0.06260000169277191,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11952","display_name":"Landfill Environmental Impact Studies","score":0.006200000178068876,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Waste Management and Disposal"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expansive-soil","display_name":"expansive soil","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/swelling-clay","display_name":"swelling clay","score":0.7170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shale","display_name":"shale","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geomembranes","display_name":"geomembranes","score":0.7850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waterproofing","display_name":"waterproofing","score":0.4169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vertical-barriers","display_name":"vertical barriers","score":0.6029999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moisture-control","display_name":"moisture control","score":0.6700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/volume-change","display_name":"volume change","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transportation-facilities","display_name":"transportation facilities","score":0.7110000252723694}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1121360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1626102","display_name":"Expansive clay","level":3,"score":0.8646833896636963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777381055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q308922","display_name":"Damages","level":2,"score":0.8460237979888916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108162862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1971985","display_name":"Geomembrane","level":2,"score":0.7151907682418823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780502288","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28838156","display_name":"Expansive","level":3,"score":0.6921908855438232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.4933446943759918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159750122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96621023","display_name":"Soil water","level":2,"score":0.4409497380256653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3897969424724579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.38021427392959595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77595967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3151013","display_name":"Forensic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3574623763561249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.34028735756874084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16674752","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1370637","display_name":"Mining engineering","level":1,"score":0.32312577962875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.14697769284248352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.11891871690750122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159390177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265","display_name":"Soil science","level":1,"score":0.1161167323589325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.09162604808807373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30407753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186191","display_name":"Compressive strength","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:600808151","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://trid.trb.org/view/1204233","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.428600013256073,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2341658285","https://openalex.org/W399007706","https://openalex.org/W583814393","https://openalex.org/W617200104","https://openalex.org/W630681341","https://openalex.org/W2315069630","https://openalex.org/W744517660","https://openalex.org/W1988806287","https://openalex.org/W1502851831","https://openalex.org/W591321928"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Within":[0],"this":[1],"century":[2],"there":[3],"has":[4],"been":[5,20],"a":[6,83,97],"globalization":[7],"of":[8,15,85,95],"interest":[9],"and":[10,26,32,51,73],"research":[11],"in":[12,69,101],"the":[13,29,44,70,88,93,121,125],"field":[14],"expansive":[16,71,126],"soils.":[17,127],"Studies":[18],"have":[19],"done":[21],"by":[22,124],"many":[23],"Universities,":[24],"agencies":[25],"departments":[27],"at":[28],"federal,":[30],"state":[31],"local":[33],"levels.":[34],"These":[35],"soils,":[36],"often":[37,77],"clays":[38],"or":[39],"shales":[40],"cause":[41],"damages":[42,122],"around":[43],"world.":[45],"This":[46],"paper":[47],"will":[48,90],"address":[49],"horizontal":[50],"vertical":[52],"barriers":[53],"used":[54],"on":[55,92],"transportation":[56],"facilities":[57],"to":[58,65],"control":[59,86,103],"these":[60,102,116],"damages.":[61],"The":[62],"effort":[63],"is":[64],"minimize":[66,75,120],"moisture":[67],"change":[68],"soil":[72],"thus":[74],"its":[76],"destructive":[78],"volumetric":[79],"change.":[80],"While":[81],"noting":[82],"variety":[84],"efforts":[87],"focus":[89],"be":[91],"use":[94],"geomembranes,":[96],"generally":[98],"waterproofed":[99],"fabric,":[100],"efforts.":[104],"Over":[105],"one":[106],"hundred":[107],"projects":[108],"are":[109,112],"noted.":[110],"There":[111],"significant":[113],"indications":[114],"that":[115],"geomembranes":[117],"can":[118],"frequently":[119],"caused":[123]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-18T07:49:30.821534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}