{"id":"https://openalex.org/W595149116","doi":null,"title":"The shadow of empire : Christian missions, colonial policy, and democracy in postcolonial societies","display_name":"The shadow of empire : Christian missions, colonial policy, and democracy in postcolonial societies","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W595149116","mag":"595149116"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:595149116","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BB15860160","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"UMI Dissertation Services eBooks","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"book","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015019562","display_name":"Robert D. Woodberry","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6351-4218","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6351-4218"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Robert D. Woodberry","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6351-4218","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015019562"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2395,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":119,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83284944,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13347","display_name":"Christian Theology and Mission","score":0.6011000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1212","display_name":"Religious studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13347","display_name":"Christian Theology and Mission","score":0.6011000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1212","display_name":"Religious studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14141","display_name":"Colonial History and Postcolonial Studies","score":0.09849999845027924,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12312","display_name":"Culture, Economy, and Development Studies","score":0.09629999846220016,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3317","display_name":"Demography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/christian-missions","display_name":"Christian missions","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/colonial-policy","display_name":"colonial policy","score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/democracy","display_name":"democracy","score":0.8889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/postcolonial-societies","display_name":"postcolonial societies","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/british-colonies","display_name":"British colonies","score":0.75},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/religious-freedom","display_name":"religious freedom","score":0.6600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protestant-missionaries","display_name":"Protestant missionaries","score":0.8379999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evangelical-christians","display_name":"evangelical Christians","score":0.699999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/colonial-elites","display_name":"colonial elites","score":0.734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vernacular-education","display_name":"vernacular education","score":0.628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/colonial-exploitation","display_name":"colonial exploitation","score":0.4359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/democratic-transition","display_name":"democratic transition","score":0.5519999861717224}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C531593650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7167","display_name":"Colonialism","level":2,"score":0.8056319952011108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555826173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7174","display_name":"Democracy","level":3,"score":0.7679916024208069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111021475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23540","display_name":"Protestantism","level":2,"score":0.7308856248855591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778495208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48349","display_name":"Empire","level":2,"score":0.6634153127670288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5674690008163452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117797892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q286363","display_name":"Shadow (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5065282583236694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775987171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192797","display_name":"Elite","level":3,"score":0.4960111081600189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780386941","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1036511","display_name":"Vernacular","level":2,"score":0.44327160716056824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6303427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47398","display_name":"Economic history","level":1,"score":0.4395821690559387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.42445066571235657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9299846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q85502","display_name":"Secularization","level":2,"score":0.42319193482398987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.4078434705734253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.3707200586795807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.30927610397338867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.2953124940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.1713690161705017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27206212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34178","display_name":"Theology","level":1,"score":0.16551074385643005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.07813891768455505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:595149116","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BB15860160","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"UMI Dissertation Services eBooks","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5473999977111816,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.46000000834465027,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":267,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W15487420","https://openalex.org/W136865964","https://openalex.org/W165890664","https://openalex.org/W178062449","https://openalex.org/W191155505","https://openalex.org/W213304010","https://openalex.org/W298055658","https://openalex.org/W353041857","https://openalex.org/W368557218","https://openalex.org/W379593035","https://openalex.org/W400288232","https://openalex.org/W429313737","https://openalex.org/W576195760","https://openalex.org/W576468767","https://openalex.org/W580331133","https://openalex.org/W582110232","https://openalex.org/W582429297","https://openalex.org/W582451299","https://openalex.org/W590548522","https://openalex.org/W590723770","https://openalex.org/W594229510","https://openalex.org/W619895536","https://openalex.org/W621370864","https://openalex.org/W625012365","https://openalex.org/W627345415","https://openalex.org/W627398068","https://openalex.org/W632401098","https://openalex.org/W636995340","https://openalex.org/W637077209","https://openalex.org/W637754840","https://openalex.org/W640433080","https://openalex.org/W641623684","https://openalex.org/W642151598","https://openalex.org/W642939368","https://openalex.org/W644877006","https://openalex.org/W645058432","https://openalex.org/W646090523","https://openalex.org/W646928697","https://openalex.org/W650922545","https://openalex.org/W652507187","https://openalex.org/W1225696354","https://openalex.org/W1487519693","https://openalex.org/W1488800878","https://openalex.org/W1490605190","https://openalex.org/W1490858860","https://openalex.org/W1493789557","https://openalex.org/W1499965251","https://openalex.org/W1500577131","https://openalex.org/W1507643510","https://openalex.org/W1511129506","https://openalex.org/W1511665033","https://openalex.org/W1512820937","https://openalex.org/W1522379528","https://openalex.org/W1531429918","https://openalex.org/W1533369859","https://openalex.org/W1534583652","https://openalex.org/W1536462022","https://openalex.org/W1538125916","https://openalex.org/W1538223704","https://openalex.org/W1548739554","https://openalex.org/W1559978379","https://openalex.org/W1561436930","https://openalex.org/W1564760455","https://openalex.org/W1566148769","https://openalex.org/W1569658464","https://openalex.org/W1570280519","https://openalex.org/W1571283570","https://openalex.org/W1574895500","https://openalex.org/W1578986299","https://openalex.org/W1592476106","https://openalex.org/W1598172626","https://openalex.org/W1604263353","https://openalex.org/W1606056580","https://openalex.org/W1607422395","https://openalex.org/W1772530777","https://openalex.org/W1954131431","https://openalex.org/W1964125667","https://openalex.org/W1964298060","https://openalex.org/W1966976554","https://openalex.org/W1970139365","https://openalex.org/W1973589032","https://openalex.org/W1975835148","https://openalex.org/W1976055823","https://openalex.org/W1976402114","https://openalex.org/W1977541193","https://openalex.org/W1978299827","https://openalex.org/W1978745651","https://openalex.org/W1981778320","https://openalex.org/W1982364646","https://openalex.org/W1985936010","https://openalex.org/W1987905384","https://openalex.org/W1989292196","https://openalex.org/W1990530442","https://openalex.org/W1993594189","https://openalex.org/W1995686618","https://openalex.org/W1995826633","https://openalex.org/W1995924402","https://openalex.org/W1996778984","https://openalex.org/W1997682964","https://openalex.org/W1998214419","https://openalex.org/W1999785979","https://openalex.org/W2000917406","https://openalex.org/W2004465212","https://openalex.org/W2006737692","https://openalex.org/W2008322350","https://openalex.org/W2009194335","https://openalex.org/W2011057402","https://openalex.org/W2012275303","https://openalex.org/W2014741733","https://openalex.org/W2015367741","https://openalex.org/W2017413079","https://openalex.org/W2018828406","https://openalex.org/W2019914007","https://openalex.org/W2023777287","https://openalex.org/W2024668521","https://openalex.org/W2025025929","https://openalex.org/W2026131788","https://openalex.org/W2026424250","https://openalex.org/W2026744119","https://openalex.org/W2030451758","https://openalex.org/W2031340404","https://openalex.org/W2031413501","https://openalex.org/W2032725750","https://openalex.org/W2037265139","https://openalex.org/W2037274858","https://openalex.org/W2037461421","https://openalex.org/W2041692102","https://openalex.org/W2045220780","https://openalex.org/W2047202594","https://openalex.org/W2047422616","https://openalex.org/W2051410563","https://openalex.org/W2052091394","https://openalex.org/W2056830051","https://openalex.org/W2058382345","https://openalex.org/W2058998018","https://openalex.org/W2059334100","https://openalex.org/W2060824109","https://openalex.org/W2061518704","https://openalex.org/W2061631311","https://openalex.org/W2066001072","https://openalex.org/W2066822698","https://openalex.org/W2066823663","https://openalex.org/W2069685732","https://openalex.org/W2071423457","https://openalex.org/W2071996807","https://openalex.org/W2073436997","https://openalex.org/W2073698424","https://openalex.org/W2074896436","https://openalex.org/W2075392241","https://openalex.org/W2075598683","https://openalex.org/W2076867702","https://openalex.org/W2078703584","https://openalex.org/W2079664703","https://openalex.org/W2081494404","https://openalex.org/W2081912964","https://openalex.org/W2083277050","https://openalex.org/W2089506232","https://openalex.org/W2089948385","https://openalex.org/W2091294666","https://openalex.org/W2091537937","https://openalex.org/W2093399517","https://openalex.org/W2094518386","https://openalex.org/W2096606397","https://openalex.org/W2099161457","https://openalex.org/W2099268311","https://openalex.org/W2102197486","https://openalex.org/W2104957044","https://openalex.org/W2107729441","https://openalex.org/W2107986666","https://openalex.org/W2108512330","https://openalex.org/W2110437389","https://openalex.org/W2110524546","https://openalex.org/W2110939596","https://openalex.org/W2111988782","https://openalex.org/W2115822896","https://openalex.org/W2116000322","https://openalex.org/W2117480767","https://openalex.org/W2118549945","https://openalex.org/W2124899459","https://openalex.org/W2125353502","https://openalex.org/W2125377513","https://openalex.org/W2129986914","https://openalex.org/W2131928215","https://openalex.org/W2132019673","https://openalex.org/W2133369488","https://openalex.org/W2136853104","https://openalex.org/W2137847681","https://openalex.org/W2140355464","https://openalex.org/W2140409505","https://openalex.org/W2140799205","https://openalex.org/W2141151109","https://openalex.org/W2143977935","https://openalex.org/W2147322925","https://openalex.org/W2147574293","https://openalex.org/W2149829044","https://openalex.org/W2151430150","https://openalex.org/W2151875548","https://openalex.org/W2154452907","https://openalex.org/W2163367865","https://openalex.org/W2167413551","https://openalex.org/W2169359097","https://openalex.org/W2245499464","https://openalex.org/W2251153004","https://openalex.org/W2253366771","https://openalex.org/W2254547374","https://openalex.org/W2258231832","https://openalex.org/W2260022137","https://openalex.org/W2291485971","https://openalex.org/W2312819395","https://openalex.org/W2314487458","https://openalex.org/W2315043192","https://openalex.org/W2315687463","https://openalex.org/W2315778867","https://openalex.org/W2316354684","https://openalex.org/W2317402116","https://openalex.org/W2317612484","https://openalex.org/W2320171224","https://openalex.org/W2320216512","https://openalex.org/W2320387015","https://openalex.org/W2322061938","https://openalex.org/W2322609866","https://openalex.org/W2325520644","https://openalex.org/W2326781313","https://openalex.org/W2327067262","https://openalex.org/W2327503137","https://openalex.org/W2332538438","https://openalex.org/W2334324443","https://openalex.org/W2334332303","https://openalex.org/W2334628041","https://openalex.org/W2392448476","https://openalex.org/W2404430058","https://openalex.org/W2486638608","https://openalex.org/W2493574399","https://openalex.org/W2501002168","https://openalex.org/W2507038326","https://openalex.org/W2529986299","https://openalex.org/W2568962028","https://openalex.org/W2587203961","https://openalex.org/W2593477162","https://openalex.org/W2732605335","https://openalex.org/W2734326817","https://openalex.org/W2734408529","https://openalex.org/W2734666431","https://openalex.org/W2735920625","https://openalex.org/W2796768678","https://openalex.org/W2797722438","https://openalex.org/W2797811453","https://openalex.org/W2798747166","https://openalex.org/W2798802473","https://openalex.org/W2800613027","https://openalex.org/W2801971071","https://openalex.org/W2802562640","https://openalex.org/W2803042442","https://openalex.org/W2887709601","https://openalex.org/W2916595122","https://openalex.org/W2978175255","https://openalex.org/W2997121858","https://openalex.org/W3120816179","https://openalex.org/W3123985485","https://openalex.org/W3124166904","https://openalex.org/W3125349478","https://openalex.org/W3147944646","https://openalex.org/W3148677634","https://openalex.org/W3149953018","https://openalex.org/W3150364020","https://openalex.org/W3213346494","https://openalex.org/W4301837819"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3122376153","https://openalex.org/W616067653","https://openalex.org/W7028942375","https://openalex.org/W4297904399","https://openalex.org/W4376870355","https://openalex.org/W2108512330","https://openalex.org/W2025803443","https://openalex.org/W7065369115","https://openalex.org/W4387773198","https://openalex.org/W2611753992"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ROBERT":[0],"D.":[1],"WOODBERRY:":[2],"The":[3],"Shadow":[4],"of":[5,19,113,157],"Empire:":[6],"Christian":[7,24],"Missions,":[8],"Colonial":[9],"Policy,":[10],"and":[11,23,42,67,73,90,118,222],"Democracy":[12],"in":[13,104,108,125,138,148,167,178,196],"Postcolonial":[14],"Societies.":[15],"(under":[16],"the":[17,70,79,121,132,154,168,176],"direction":[18],"Kenneth":[20],"A.":[21],"Bollen":[22],"S.":[25],"Smith)":[26],"Cross-national":[27],"empirical":[28],"research":[29],"consistently":[30],"suggests":[31],"that,":[32],"on":[33],"average,":[34],"former":[35,51],"British":[36,52,80,84,105,122,133],"colonies":[37,53,106,110,112,169],"are":[38,54],"both":[39],"more":[40,44,81,88,92,99],"democratic":[41,46],"have":[43],"stable":[45],"transitions.":[47],"I":[48],"argue":[49],"that":[50,188],"distinct":[55],"not":[56,142],"because":[57,170],"Great":[58],"Britain":[59],"was":[60,230],"a":[61,184],"democracy":[62],"\u2013":[63],"so":[64],"were":[65,78,87,98,141,161,212],"France":[66],"Belgium":[68],"during":[69,153],"late":[71],"19":[72],"early":[74],"20":[75],"century.":[76],"Nor":[77],"altruistic.":[82],"However,":[83],"colonial":[85,208,228],"elites":[86],"divided":[89],"thus":[91],"constrained.":[93],"In":[94],"particular,":[95],"religious":[96,136,146,193],"groups":[97,194],"independent":[100,213],"from":[101,214],"state":[102,215],"control":[103,216],"than":[107],"historically-Catholic":[109],"(i.e.,":[111,217],"France,":[114],"Belgium,":[115],"Spain,":[116],"Portugal,":[117],"Italy).":[119],"Initially":[120],"restricted":[123],"missions":[124],"their":[126,179,219,224],"colonies,":[127],"but":[128],"Evangelical":[129],"Protestants":[130,140],"forced":[131],"to":[134,144,163,174],"allow":[135],"liberty":[137,147],"1813.":[139],"able":[143],"win":[145],"most":[149],"other":[150],"European":[151],"colonizers":[152],"entire":[155],"period":[156],"colonization.":[158],"Protestant":[159],"missionaries":[160],"central":[162],"expanding":[164],"formal":[165],"education":[166,199],"they":[171,189,211],"wanted":[172,183],"people":[173],"read":[175],"Bible":[177],"own":[180,220,225],"language.":[181],"Governments":[182],"small":[185],"educated":[186],"elite":[187],"could":[190],"control.":[191],"Other":[192],"invested":[195],"mass":[197],"vernacular":[198],"primarily":[200],"when":[201,210],"competing":[202],"with":[203],"Protestants.":[204],"Missionaries":[205],"also":[206],"constrained":[207],"abuses":[209],"chose":[218],"leaders":[221],"raised":[223],"funds).":[226],"If":[227],"exploitation":[229]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-10-26T11:51:55.731654","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}