{"id":"https://openalex.org/W594520626","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/05775132.1976.11470220","title":"Taxing the Brain Drain","display_name":"Taxing the Brain Drain","publication_year":1976,"publication_date":"1976-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W594520626","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/05775132.1976.11470220","mag":"594520626"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/05775132.1976.11470220","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/05775132.1976.11470220","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/05775132.1976.11470220","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1013860869","display_name":"Challenge","issn_l":"0577-5132","issn":["0577-5132","1558-1489"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Challenge","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075328004","display_name":"Jagdish N. Bhagwati","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jagdish N. Bhagwati","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075328004"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.9529,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":135,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91742871,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"3","first_page":"34","last_page":"38"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10349","display_name":"Migration and Labor Dynamics","score":0.8838000297546387,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10349","display_name":"Migration and Labor Dynamics","score":0.8838000297546387,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13042","display_name":"Economic and Fiscal Studies","score":0.05119999870657921,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11168","display_name":"International Development and Aid","score":0.009200000204145908,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3303","display_name":"Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain-drain","display_name":"brain drain","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-taxation","display_name":"international taxation","score":0.4970000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/development-aid-financing","display_name":"development aid financing","score":0.45500001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developing-countries","display_name":"developing countries","score":0.7879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developed-countries","display_name":"developed countries","score":0.7950000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tax-revenue","display_name":"tax revenue","score":0.367000013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constitutionality","display_name":"constitutionality","score":0.5450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-rights","display_name":"human rights","score":0.875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-order","display_name":"international order","score":0.4390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-labour-organization","display_name":"International Labour Organization","score":0.550000011920929}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993252514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190222","display_name":"Brain drain","level":2,"score":0.6935815811157227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776512386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2515622","display_name":"Constitutionality","level":3,"score":0.6522530913352966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83864248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177323","display_name":"Developing country","level":2,"score":0.5997951030731201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781426361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5326940","display_name":"Earnings","level":2,"score":0.5750728249549866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195487862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850210","display_name":"Revenue","level":2,"score":0.5645856857299805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121964417","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q385503","display_name":"Tax revenue","level":2,"score":0.5445329546928406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70036468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131288","display_name":"Immigration","level":2,"score":0.5317795276641846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56666940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788790","display_name":"Documentation","level":2,"score":0.48019683361053467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.44814959168434143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3985561728477478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.34027814865112305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.20789828896522522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.20381444692611694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776154427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7755","display_name":"Constitution","level":2,"score":0.09746754169464111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/05775132.1976.11470220","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/05775132.1976.11470220","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/05775132.1976.11470220","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1013860869","display_name":"Challenge","issn_l":"0577-5132","issn":["0577-5132","1558-1489"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Challenge","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:mes:challe:v:19:y:1976:i:3:p:34-38","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/05775132.1976.11470220","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.666700005531311,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"},{"score":0.5217000246047974,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17"},{"score":0.48510000109672546,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1995872479","https://openalex.org/W178265387","https://openalex.org/W3165826672","https://openalex.org/W1561149107","https://openalex.org/W1994496362","https://openalex.org/W2498331180","https://openalex.org/W3005841609","https://openalex.org/W3200457047","https://openalex.org/W2088626918","https://openalex.org/W2086956116"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"There":[0],"is":[1],"a":[2,150],"way":[3],"to":[4,16,45,184],"compensate":[5],"for":[6,50,97],"the":[7,11,17,32,35,46,78,95,110,119,138,143,153,168,202,213,215],"brain":[8],"drain":[9],"from":[10,152],"less":[12,47],"developed":[13,18,33,48,165],"countries":[14,19,49,166],"(LDCs)":[15],"(DCs).":[20],"A":[21,205],"supplementary":[22],"income":[23],"tax":[24,106],"can":[25,41],"be":[26,43],"imposed":[27],"on":[28,113,125],"immigrants'":[29],"earnings":[30],"in":[31,38,59,61,69,77,91,133,164,178,196],"countries;":[34],"funds":[36],"raised":[37],"this":[39,57,89,105],"manner":[40],"then":[42],"routed":[44],"development":[51],"spending.":[52],"I":[53],"first":[54],"put":[55],"forth":[56],"proposal":[58,214],"Daedalus":[60],"1972.":[62],"Since":[63],"then,":[64],"it":[65],"has":[66],"attracted":[67],"attention":[68],"both":[70],"LDCs":[71],"and":[72,115,118,145,161,174,191,198],"DCs,":[73],"as":[74,76],"well":[75],"work":[79],"of":[80,104,148,155,180,217],"international":[81,129],"agencies.":[82],"Two":[83],"important":[84],"conferences":[85],"have":[86],"been":[87],"held":[88],"year,":[90],"which":[92],"documentation":[93],"by":[94,137],"Secretariats":[96],"intergovernmental":[98],"deliberations":[99],"included":[100],"an":[101],"extended":[102],"discussion":[103],"proposal.":[107],"These":[108],"are":[109,194],"Nairobi":[111],"Conference":[112,124],"Trade":[114],"Development":[116],"(UNCTAD)":[117],"International":[120],"Labor":[121],"Organization":[122],"(ILO)":[123],"World":[126],"Employment.":[127],"The":[128],"conference":[130],"at":[131],"Bellagio":[132],"February":[134],"1974,":[135],"funded":[136],"Rockefeller":[139],"Foundation,":[140],"dealt":[141],"with":[142,158],"feasibility":[144],"optimal":[146],"format":[147],"such":[149],"tax,":[151],"viewpoint":[154],"constitutionality,":[156],"compatibility":[157],"human":[159],"rights,":[160],"revenue":[162],"possibilities":[163],"receiving":[167],"most":[169],"immigrants.":[170],"Distinguished":[171],"lawyers,":[172],"economists,":[173],"social":[175],"scientists":[176],"interested":[177],"problems":[179],"world":[181],"order":[182],"contributed":[183],"that":[185],"discussion.":[186],"(The":[187],"proceedings,":[188],"plus":[189],"legal":[190],"economic":[192],"conclusions,":[193],"published":[195],"Bhagwati":[197],"Partington,":[199],"eds.,":[200],"Taxing":[201],"Brain":[203],"Drain:":[204],"Proposal":[206],"Amsterdam:":[207],"North-Holland,":[208],"1976.*)":[209],"Pakistan":[210],"even":[211],"paid":[212],"compliment":[216]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}