{"id":"https://openalex.org/W59393871","doi":null,"title":"No. 20: The Brain Gain: Skilled Migrants and Immigration Policy in Post-Apartheid South Africa","display_name":"No. 20: The Brain Gain: Skilled Migrants and Immigration Policy in Post-Apartheid South Africa","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W59393871","mag":"59393871"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:scholars.wlu.ca:samp-1116","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://scholars.wlu.ca/samp/102","pdf_url":"http://scholars.wlu.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1116&context=samp","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401971","display_name":"Scholars Commons (Wilfrid Laurier University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I75381157","host_organization_name":"Wilfrid Laurier University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75381157"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Southern African Migration Programme","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://scholars.wlu.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1116&context=samp","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083297116","display_name":"Robert Mattes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0567-9385","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0567-9385"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Mattes","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0567-9385","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030417870","display_name":"Jonathan Crush","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3342-3192","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3342-3192"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Crush","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3342-3192","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Wayne Richmond","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wayne Richmond","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1199,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8286918,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10349","display_name":"Migration and Labor Dynamics","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10349","display_name":"Migration and Labor Dynamics","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10216","display_name":"Migration, Refugees, and Integration","score":0.005799999926239252,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13692","display_name":"Italian Social Issues and Migration","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skilled-migration","display_name":"skilled migration","score":0.7170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immigration-policy","display_name":"immigration policy","score":0.8650000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/post-apartheid-south-africa","display_name":"post-apartheid South Africa","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skilled-immigrants","display_name":"skilled migrants","score":0.5460000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temporary-work-permits","display_name":"temporary work permits","score":0.8349999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emigration","display_name":"emigration","score":0.6890000104904175}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70036468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131288","display_name":"Immigration","level":2,"score":0.8123762607574463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111141941","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q218719","display_name":"Immigration policy","level":3,"score":0.5099488496780396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.49470826983451843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993252514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190222","display_name":"Brain drain","level":2,"score":0.44472068548202515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.4333057403564453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.34860527515411377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3155153691768646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.24081018567085266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:scholars.wlu.ca:samp-1116","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://scholars.wlu.ca/samp/102","pdf_url":"http://scholars.wlu.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1116&context=samp","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401971","display_name":"Scholars Commons (Wilfrid Laurier University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I75381157","host_organization_name":"Wilfrid Laurier University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75381157"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Southern African Migration Programme","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:59393871","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholars.wlu.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1116&context=samp","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:scholars.wlu.ca:samp-1116","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://scholars.wlu.ca/samp/102","pdf_url":"http://scholars.wlu.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1116&context=samp","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401971","display_name":"Scholars Commons (Wilfrid Laurier University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I75381157","host_organization_name":"Wilfrid Laurier University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75381157"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Southern African Migration Programme","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.6452000141143799,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"},{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.4000000059604645,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W59393871.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W59393871.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2168872302","https://openalex.org/W169543949","https://openalex.org/W56822414","https://openalex.org/W7084768862","https://openalex.org/W2999578769","https://openalex.org/W7162198704","https://openalex.org/W2040450973","https://openalex.org/W2150979990","https://openalex.org/W2182174779","https://openalex.org/W2500344313"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"South":[0,35,65,89,92,124,236,270,282,337,351,371,386,398,404,459,484,508,630,676,680,745,923,925,988,1065,1100,1135,1159,1166,1227,1271,1306,1334,1378],"African":[1,499,598],"immigration":[2,103,108,299,407,461,602,1361,1475,1483],"policy":[3,60,156,603,1362,1415,1434,1484],"has":[4,28,37,91,123,604,990,1150,1380,1409,1428],"become":[5,904,1013],"extremely":[6],"restrictive":[7],"since":[8,554,885],"1994.":[9],"Immigration":[10,53,1438,1533],"numbers":[11,1249],"are":[12,75,138,320,343,519,557,577,811,822,826,848,875,933,1020,1056,1089,1118,1182,1202,1212,1302,1504],"at":[13,31,636,1329],"an":[14,118,133,807,1105,1291,1381],"all-time":[15],"low,":[16],"even":[17,818],"as":[18,57,79,111,272,428,430,650,728,1290,1476,1529],"emigration":[19],"accelerates.":[20],"The":[21,391,623,724,1436],"number":[22],"of":[23,88,102,199,230,235,240,243,284,380,397,432,465,479,483,497,507,514,539,543,567,585,597,626,679,691,742,756,853,858,888,962,985,1077,1086,1096,1111,1156,1188,1221,1250,1257,1260,1287,1332,1344,1357,1376,1406,1413,1420,1422,1449,1479,1482,1490,1507],"temporary":[24,578,720,861],"work":[25,581,864,1519],"permits":[26,865],"issued":[27],"also":[29],"declined":[30],"a":[32,58,80,99,112,129,154,200,285,322,377,454,651,761,771,830,914,918,939,944,949,996,1234,1238,1275,1324,1358,1418,1442,1461,1471,1477,1487,1541],"time":[33],"when":[34,1237],"Africa":[36,125,271,283,387,439,631,989,1160,1167,1272,1379],"reconnected":[38],"to":[39,49,82,104,114,120,132,166,180,213,226,276,281,295,305,350,453,473,511,594,607,675,729,744,781,815,850,903,922,956,987,1003,1043,1068,1170,1178,1230,1246,1268,1277,1317,1349,1384,1411,1516,1520],"the":[40,71,83,139,148,190,197,214,231,255,278,297,306,316,326,394,409,418,423,433,443,463,474,477,505,512,515,524,528,536,552,561,564,664,702,757,795,886,980,983,1000,1006,1075,1094,1109,1123,1128,1154,1193,1206,1209,1219,1222,1231,1255,1285,1288,1298,1330,1342,1351,1355,1374,1386,1401,1404,1457,1467,1491,1508,1511,1522,1532],"global":[41,1387],"economy":[42,215],"and":[43,46,68,85,157,175,185,203,219,233,292,359,367,417,446,470,615,648,673,704,711,734,739,773,838,863,931,968,1010,1032,1071,1074,1113,1133,1139,1199,1308,1322,1336,1367,1392,1396,1460,1518,1535],"many":[44,429,833],"companies":[45],"investors":[47],"wish":[48],"import":[50],"high-level":[51],"skills.":[52,220],"is":[54,107,260,294,310,328,374,413,656,662,893,913,948,1104,1192,1208,1273,1315,1398,1456,1485],"not":[55,266,663,827,844,1429],"viewed":[56],"public":[59,1537],"tool":[61],"that":[62,162,172,251,527,617,658,846,899,911,982,1048,1053,1196,1270,1466,1501],"could":[63],"benefit":[64],"Africa.":[66,677,924,1101,1228,1265,1377],"Immigrants":[67,187],"migrants":[69,176,733,1391],"(even":[70],"most":[72,419],"highly":[73,934],"skilled)":[74],"more":[76,207,286,919,1015,1027,1035,1120,1172,1359],"often":[77],"stereotyped":[78],"threat":[81],"economic":[84,183,1062],"social":[86],"interests":[87],"Africans.\\nWhy":[90],"Africa\u2019s":[93,237,338,399,405,460,485,509,681,926],"first":[94,140,1321],"democratic":[95],"government":[96,1414,1469],"taken":[97],"such":[98],"dim":[100],"view":[101],"date?":[105],"Why":[106,122],"invariably":[109],"seen":[110],"problem":[113,1343,1353],"control":[115],"rather":[116],"than":[117,1028,1036,1125],"opportunity":[119,1383],"exploit?":[121],"shifted":[126],"from":[127,436,442,448,488,531,1083,1144,1158,1175,1254,1264,1373],"being":[128,889],"net":[130],"immigrant-receiving":[131],"immigrant-":[134],"exporting":[135],"nation?":[136],"These":[137,824],"questions":[141],"addressed":[142],"in":[143,246,370,385,438,458,551,629,633,764,883,917,992,1064,1099,1218,1226,1274,1326,1363,1531],"this":[144,222,264,872,1145,1189,1261,1340],"paper.":[145],"We":[146],"address":[147],"Draft":[149],"White":[150,611,1040],"Paper\u2019s":[151],"rationale":[152],"for":[153,269,312,330,653,868,953,1294,1389,1424,1513],"restrictionist":[155,601],"review":[158],"various":[159,1536],"other":[160,247,317,449,562,705,796],"explanations":[161],"have":[163,249,549,589,620,719,760,775,782,866,1012,1242],"been":[164,550,991,1243],"advanced":[165],"explain":[167],"post-apartheid":[168],"policy.\\nInternational":[169],"experience":[170,368],"suggests":[171],"skilled":[173,209,241,244,290,339,382,400,466,486,544,568,587,627,667,682,732,927,963,1054,1173,1223,1252,1295,1300,1346,1390,1425,1474,1527],"immigrants":[174,210,245,303,469,487,628,668,696,714,735,835,986,1041],"make":[177],"important":[178,420,1016,1215,1382],"contributions":[179],"any":[181,1452],"country\u2019s":[182,201],"growth":[184],"development.":[186],"can":[188,685,1141,1168],"fill":[189],"gaps":[191],"created":[192],"by":[193,708,1416],"emigrating":[194],"skills":[195,1009,1157,1200],"or":[196,877,1177],"inadequacies":[198],"education":[202],"training":[204,972],"system.":[205],"Even":[206],"important,":[208],"bring":[211],"innovation":[212],"through":[216],"new":[217,854,1007,1437,1443,1524],"ideas":[218],"In":[221,493,829,1204,1339,1400],"regard,":[223,1341],"there":[224,309,354,912,1103,1455],"needs":[225],"be":[227,267,687,957,1142,1350,1499],"greater":[228],"awareness":[229],"profile":[232,396],"contribution":[234,324],"current":[238],"stock":[239],"immigrants.\\nStudies":[242],"countries":[248],"shown":[250],"they":[252,319,348,365,639,790,847,874,879,900,908],"rarely":[253],"fit":[254],"popular":[256],"negative":[257,307],"stereotypes.":[258],"There":[259,947,1211],"no":[261,881],"reason":[262,311,665],"why":[263,666],"should":[265],"true":[268],"well.":[273],"One":[274,754],"way":[275],"assess":[277],"potential":[279],"value":[280,1011],"open":[287],"attitude":[288],"towards":[289],"migration":[291],"immigration,":[293],"examine":[296],"existing":[298],"population.":[300],"If":[301,1539],"these":[302,344],"conform":[304],"stereotypes,":[308],"caution.":[313],"If,":[314],"on":[315,376,580,806,1046,1153,1164,1279,1473,1526],"hand,":[318,563,797],"making":[321],"valuable":[323],"then":[325],"case":[327],"strengthened":[329],"further":[331],"immigration.":[332],"This":[333,451,842,976,1079,1266,1427],"paper":[334,373],"therefore":[335,686,726],"profiles":[336],"immigrant":[340,401,683],"population:":[341,402],"who":[342,548,572,697,718,1181],"immigrants?":[345,361],"When":[346],"did":[347],"come":[349,674],"Africa?":[352],"Are":[353],"significant":[355,915,1248],"differences":[356],"between":[357,523,1131],"pre-1990":[358],"post-1990":[360,456],"And":[362],"how":[363],"do":[364,804,816,1169],"perceive":[366],"living":[369],"Africa?\\nThe":[372],"based":[375],"detailed":[378],"survey":[379,392,1051,1240],"400":[381],"foreign":[383,1224],"nationals":[384],"using":[388],"face-to-face":[389],"interviews.":[390],"provided":[393],"following":[395,476],"Reflecting":[403],"pre-1994":[406],"policies,":[408],"major":[410],"source":[411,421],"region":[412,445],"clearly":[414,978,1213],"Europe":[415,489],"(47%)":[416],"country,":[422,767],"United":[424],"Kingdom":[425],"(31%).":[426],"But":[427,1495],"41%":[431,1259],"sample":[434,1262],"were":[435,632,1263],"elsewhere":[437],"(with":[440],"18%":[441],"SADC":[444],"23%":[447],"countries).":[450],"points":[452],"newer,":[455],"trend":[457,952],"experience;":[462],"movement":[464],"Africans":[467,810,1301,1335,1347],"(as":[468],"asylum":[471],"seekers)":[472],"country":[475,553,672,852],"demise":[478],"apartheid.":[480,540],"Nearly":[481,583],"73%":[482],"entered":[490,501,573,698],"before":[491,535,555,638,699],"1991.":[492,975],"contrast,":[494],"some":[495],"87%":[496],"non-SADC":[498],"respondents":[500,758,1082],"after":[502,574,974],"1991,":[503],"highlighting":[504],"recency":[506],"reconnection":[510],"rest":[513,1256,1286,1375],"continent.":[516],"SADC-country":[517],"citizens":[518],"about":[520,1108,1122,1311],"evenly":[521],"split":[522],"two,":[525],"indicating":[526,910],"brain":[529],"drain":[530],"neighbouring":[532],"states":[533],"began":[534],"formal":[537],"end":[538],"Three":[541],"quarters":[542],"non-citizens":[545,569,612,619,748,964,1019,1055,1117],"(mainly":[546,570],"whites)":[547],"mid-1991":[556],"permanent":[558,590,709,869,891,905],"residents.":[559],"On":[560,794],"overwhelming":[565,1106],"majority":[566,625],"blacks)":[571],"1991":[575],"(91%)":[576],"residents":[579,588,906],"permits.":[582],"80%":[584],"white":[586,695,997,1132],"residence":[591,710,721,862,892],"status":[592,722],"compared":[593],"only":[595,787,798],"44%":[596],"non-citizens.":[599],"A":[600],"done":[605],"little":[606,1162],"correct":[608],"historical":[609],"inequalities.":[610],"enjoy":[613],"rights":[614,706],"privileges":[616],"black":[618,713,930,1134,1251],"difficulty":[621],"accessing.":[622],"vast":[624],"full-time":[634],"employment":[635],"home":[637,671,738,766,801],"left.":[640],"While":[641],"we":[642],"cannot":[643,1497],"discount":[644],"improved":[645],"job":[646],"opportunities":[647],"prospects":[649],"motive":[652],"migration,":[654,1528],"it":[655,1496],"clear":[657],"unemployment":[659],"per":[660,1030,1038],"se":[661],"leave":[669],"their":[670,740,765,820,851,1060,1327,1337],"\\nMost":[678],"population":[684],"put":[688],"into":[689,1432],"one":[690],"two":[692],"groups:":[693],"(a)":[694],"1994":[700],"with":[701,737,752,786,860,936,965,970,1024,1059,1093,1161,1305],"security":[703],"conferred":[707],"(b)":[712],"(more":[715],"exactly":[716],"migrants)":[717],"only.":[723],"question":[725],"arises":[727],"what":[730,1165],"linkages":[731],"maintain":[736,749,836],"degree":[741],"commitment":[743,921],"Africa:":[746],"Many":[747],"tangible":[750],"links":[751],"home.":[753,793],"half":[755,896],"still":[759,769],"bank":[762],"account":[763],"35%":[768],"own":[770],"house":[772],"34%":[774],"investments":[776],"there.":[777],"Very":[778],"few":[779],"appear":[780],"cut":[783],"all":[784],"ties,":[785],"12%":[788],"saying":[789],"\u201cnever\u201d":[791],"return":[792,800],"16%":[799],"often.":[802],"Most":[803],"so":[805,817],"irregular":[808],"basis.":[809],"far":[812,1119],"less":[813,1091],"likely":[814],"though":[819],"destinations":[821],"closer.":[823],"patterns":[825],"unusual.":[828],"transnational":[831],"world":[832],"contemporary":[834],"strong":[837,951],"active":[839],"backward":[840],"linkages.":[841],"does":[843,1447],"mean":[845],"uncommitted":[849],"residence.":[855,870],"Only":[856],"7%":[857],"those":[859,1180,1372,1506],"applied":[867],"Is":[871,1510],"because":[873,878],"uninterested":[876],"see":[880],"point":[882],"applying":[884],"likelihood":[887],"granted":[890],"slight?":[894],"Almost":[895,960],"(45%)":[897],"said":[898],"would":[901,1241],"want":[902],"if":[907],"could,":[909],"interest":[916],"lasting":[920],"non-citizens,":[928],"both":[929],"white,":[932,1126],"qualified":[935],"93%":[937],"holding":[938],"post-secondary":[940],"qualification":[941],"(and":[942],"15%":[943],"post-graduate":[945],"degree.":[946],"very":[950,1057,1214],"post-1991":[954],"arrivals":[955],"better":[958],"educated.":[959],"70%":[961],"university":[966],"degrees":[967],"60%":[969],"postgraduate":[971],"arrived":[973],"finding":[977],"contradicts":[979],"idea":[981],"\u201cquality\u201d":[984],"decline.":[993],"Under":[994,1005],"apartheid,":[995],"skin":[998],"was":[999],"usual":[1001],"passport":[1002],"entry.":[1004],"dispensation,":[1008],"much":[1014,1090,1187],"determinants.":[1017],"Skilled":[1018],"high":[1021],"wage":[1022],"earners":[1023],"25%":[1025],"earning":[1026,1034],"R20,000":[1029],"month,":[1031],"59%":[1033],"R10,000":[1037],"month.":[1039],"tend":[1042],"earn":[1044],"more,":[1045],"average,":[1047],"black.":[1049],"\\nThe":[1050],"showed":[1052],"satisfied":[1058,1092,1304],"personal":[1061,1112],"conditions":[1063],"Africa,":[1066,1258,1307],"access":[1067],"health":[1069],"care":[1070],"quality":[1072],"schooling,":[1073],"cost":[1076],"living.":[1078],"extends":[1080],"across":[1081],"differing":[1084],"areas":[1085],"origin.":[1087],"They":[1088],"standard":[1095],"services":[1097],"available":[1098],"Finally,":[1102],"concern":[1107],"lack":[1110],"family":[1114],"safety.":[1115],"Black":[1116],"positive":[1121],"future":[1124],"reflecting":[1127],"same":[1129,1352],"division":[1130],"Africans.\\nSeveral":[1136],"policy-related":[1137],"conclusions":[1138],"recommendations":[1140],"drawn":[1143],"research.":[1146],"\u201cBrain":[1147],"drain\u201d":[1148],"pessimism":[1149],"focused":[1151],"mainly":[1152],"exit":[1155],"focus":[1163,1191],"attract":[1171],"workers":[1174,1253],"abroad":[1176],"keep":[1179,1318],"already":[1183],"here.":[1184],"Lurking":[1185],"behind":[1186],"one-sided":[1190],"misguided":[1194],"assumption":[1195],"national":[1197],"development":[1198],"in-migration":[1201],"incompatible.":[1203],"fact,":[1205],"opposite":[1207],"case.":[1210],"changes":[1216],"afoot":[1217],"composition":[1220],"workforce":[1225],"Compared":[1229],"situation":[1232],"just":[1233],"decade":[1235],"ago":[1236],"similar":[1239],"hard":[1244],"pressed":[1245],"find":[1247],"seems":[1267],"suggest":[1269],"position":[1276,1472],"capitalize":[1278],"its":[1280,1312],"comparative":[1281],"developmental":[1282],"advantages":[1283],"over":[1284],"continent":[1289],"attractive":[1292],"destination":[1293],"workers.":[1296],"At":[1297],"moment,":[1299],"widely":[1303],"fairly":[1309],"optimistic":[1310],"future.":[1313],"What":[1314],"required":[1316],"them":[1319],"is,":[1320],"foremost,":[1323],"change":[1325,1453],"treatment":[1328],"hands":[1331],"ordinary":[1333],"government.":[1338],"keeping":[1345],"appears":[1348],"confronting":[1354],"formulation":[1356],"rational":[1360],"general:":[1364],"xenophobia,":[1365],"intolerance":[1366],"discrimination":[1368],"against":[1369],"foreigners,":[1370],"particularly":[1371],"enter":[1385],"market":[1388],"immigrants.":[1393,1426],"Further":[1394],"prevarication":[1395],"suspicion":[1397],"counter-productive.":[1399],"last":[1402],"year,":[1403],"Minister":[1405],"Home":[1407,1492],"Affairs":[1408,1493],"responded":[1410],"criticism":[1412],"proposing":[1417],"relaxation":[1419],"rules":[1421],"entry":[1423],"yet":[1430],"translated":[1431],"practical":[1433],"measures.":[1435],"Bill":[1439,1534],"will":[1440,1459],"produce":[1441],"regulatory":[1444],"framework":[1445],"but":[1446],"not,":[1448],"itself,":[1450],"guarantee":[1451],"unless":[1454],"political":[1458],"changed":[1462],"mindset.":[1463],"\\nWe":[1464],"recommend":[1465],"ANC":[1468],"articulate":[1470],"matter":[1478],"priority.":[1480],"Implementation":[1481],"rightly":[1486],"line":[1488],"function":[1489],"Minister.":[1494],"simply":[1498],"assumed":[1500],"his":[1502],"views":[1503],"necessarily":[1505],"ANC.":[1509],"ANC,":[1512],"example,":[1514],"prepared":[1515],"endorse":[1517],"implement":[1521],"Minister\u2019s":[1523],"stance":[1525],"articulated":[1530],"speeches?":[1538],"so,":[1540],"maj":[1542]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}