{"id":"https://openalex.org/W593403402","doi":null,"title":"Imposition and Identity in Null Subject Usage: Contact effects among speakers of Chinese, Italian and Anglo background in Toronto","display_name":"Imposition and Identity in Null Subject Usage: Contact effects among speakers of Chinese, Italian and Anglo background in Toronto","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-11-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W593403402","mag":"593403402"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.1023.101","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.1023.101","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://twpl.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/twpl/article/download/15397/12896/","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007139769","display_name":"Isobel H. Marr","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Isobel H. Marr","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007139769"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6797,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87467451,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11640","display_name":"Linguistic Variation and Morphology","score":0.2517000138759613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11640","display_name":"Linguistic Variation and Morphology","score":0.2517000138759613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13727","display_name":"Linguistic and Sociocultural Studies","score":0.13179999589920044,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10034","display_name":"Syntax, Semantics, Linguistic Variation","score":0.12710000574588776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heritage-speakers","display_name":"heritage speakers","score":0.7080000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/l1-influence","display_name":"L1 influence","score":0.6620000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contact-effects","display_name":"contact effects","score":0.5400000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chinese-english-bilingualism","display_name":"Chinese-English bilingualism","score":0.6510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/italian-english-bilingualism","display_name":"Italian-English bilingualism","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethnic-identity","display_name":"ethnic identity","score":0.7710000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/second-generation-speakers","display_name":"second-generation speakers","score":0.6620000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-rate","display_name":"speech rate","score":0.6290000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistic-constraints","display_name":"linguistic constraints","score":0.4350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/toronto","display_name":"Toronto","score":0.5450000166893005}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.6711399555206299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777855551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12310021","display_name":"Subject (documents)","level":2,"score":0.6248834133148193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5456346869468689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.540519118309021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137403100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710","display_name":"Ethnic group","level":2,"score":0.5356634855270386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778355321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17079427","display_name":"Identity (music)","level":2,"score":0.5348238945007324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C550607084","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1410327","display_name":"Language contact","level":2,"score":0.4990520477294922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203763787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371029","display_name":"Null (SQL)","level":2,"score":0.45852747559547424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.2315526306629181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.18480944633483887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.16919654607772827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.09563210606575012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107038049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35986","display_name":"Aesthetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161191863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655","display_name":"Library science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.1023.101","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.1023.101","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://twpl.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/twpl/article/download/15397/12896/","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:593403402","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://twpl.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/twpl/article/view/15397","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Quality education","score":0.7900000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W163332037","https://openalex.org/W589130460","https://openalex.org/W635781618","https://openalex.org/W1544030221","https://openalex.org/W1586060904","https://openalex.org/W2010967067","https://openalex.org/W2021425542","https://openalex.org/W2037721216","https://openalex.org/W2048591510","https://openalex.org/W2102345833","https://openalex.org/W2127468296","https://openalex.org/W2134109028","https://openalex.org/W2142664375","https://openalex.org/W2154105957","https://openalex.org/W2169009723","https://openalex.org/W3216043304"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2487726589","https://openalex.org/W6962790840","https://openalex.org/W3159689045","https://openalex.org/W7097869342","https://openalex.org/W6889073703","https://openalex.org/W7217153207","https://openalex.org/W6991442091","https://openalex.org/W139583897","https://openalex.org/W2271518938","https://openalex.org/W6902065977"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Past":[0],"studies":[1],"have":[2],"determined":[3],"that":[4,114],"various":[5],"constraints":[6,139],"are":[7],"predictive":[8],"of":[9,12,58,64,77,100,116],"the":[10,27,38,49,85,144],"occurrence":[11],"null":[13,81,117],"subject":[14,82,118],"in":[15,37,69,143],"English.":[16],"However,":[17],"it":[18,90],"is":[19,120],"not":[20,141],"known":[21],"whether":[22,45],"L1":[23,152],"influence":[24,47],"may":[25],"affect":[26],"ambient":[28],"English":[29],"available":[30],"to":[31,151],"Heritage":[32],"Language":[33],"speakers,":[34],"including":[35],"those":[36],"second":[39,61,145],"and":[40,60,66,84,88,93,127,147],"later":[41],"generations.":[42],"To":[43],"determine":[44],"such":[46],"exists,":[48],"present":[50],"study":[51],"uses":[52],"data":[53],"from":[54],"a":[55,74],"conversational":[56],"corpus":[57],"first":[59],"generation":[62],"speakers":[63],"Chinese":[65],"Italian":[67],"background":[68],"Toronto,":[70],"as":[71,73],"well":[72],"control":[75],"group":[76],"Anglo":[78],"speakers.":[79],"Each":[80],"token":[83],"subjects":[86],"preceding":[87],"following":[89],"were":[91],"extracted":[92],"coded":[94],"for":[95],"linguistic":[96,138],"context.":[97],"A":[98],"rate":[99,107,115],"usage":[101,119],"estimation":[102],"based":[103],"on":[104,136],"individual":[105],"speech":[106],"was":[108],"also":[109],"calculated.":[110],"The":[111],"results":[112],"show":[113],"consistent":[121],"across":[122],"generations":[123],"within":[124],"ethnic":[125,131],"groups,":[126],"thus":[128],"associated":[129],"with":[130],"identity.":[132],"In":[133],"contrast,":[134],"effects":[135],"other":[137],"do":[140],"persist":[142],"generation,":[146],"can":[148],"be":[149],"attributed":[150],"imposition.":[153],"1":[154]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-26T08:19:03.415552","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
