{"id":"https://openalex.org/W588663549","doi":null,"title":"A new mammogram image watermarking technique based on two-level intermediate significant bits and sobel edge detector","display_name":"A new mammogram image watermarking technique based on two-level intermediate significant bits and sobel edge detector","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W588663549","mag":"588663549"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:588663549","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/41581/","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075493687","display_name":"Tina Hajiabdollah","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tina Hajiabdollah","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075493687"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10901","display_name":"Advanced Data Compression Techniques","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit-plane-embedding","display_name":"bit plane embedding","score":0.5699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sobel-edge-detection","display_name":"Sobel edge detection","score":0.949999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-domain-watermarking","display_name":"spatial domain watermarking","score":0.8370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-image-security","display_name":"medical image security","score":0.7089999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/watermark-robustness","display_name":"watermark robustness","score":0.8240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/watermark-imperceptibility","display_name":"watermark invisibility","score":0.75},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secret-key","display_name":"secret key","score":0.6309999823570251}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7192882895469666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6973664164543152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.6301580667495728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30703548","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1757673","display_name":"Sobel operator","level":5,"score":0.626388669013977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5689077377319336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.5661417245864868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42781572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1250322","display_name":"Digital image","level":4,"score":0.5551210641860962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5095437169075012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193536780","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1513153","display_name":"Edge detection","level":4,"score":0.3951987028121948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3707888126373291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.2640843391418457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.23153090476989746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:588663549","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/41581/","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W47321166","https://openalex.org/W175730786","https://openalex.org/W1517000323","https://openalex.org/W1590107268","https://openalex.org/W1747656468","https://openalex.org/W1967762327","https://openalex.org/W1977881033","https://openalex.org/W1982020796","https://openalex.org/W1982422912","https://openalex.org/W1986171291","https://openalex.org/W2000990531","https://openalex.org/W2005800489","https://openalex.org/W2007592896","https://openalex.org/W2011050412","https://openalex.org/W2021525861","https://openalex.org/W2025078725","https://openalex.org/W2029893687","https://openalex.org/W2031195255","https://openalex.org/W2034924972","https://openalex.org/W2042896489","https://openalex.org/W2046833742","https://openalex.org/W2049316709","https://openalex.org/W2050574681","https://openalex.org/W2055944471","https://openalex.org/W2065800307","https://openalex.org/W2066838570","https://openalex.org/W2078133453","https://openalex.org/W2083882727","https://openalex.org/W2092036332","https://openalex.org/W2095620107","https://openalex.org/W2095756412","https://openalex.org/W2096250512","https://openalex.org/W2101491215","https://openalex.org/W2101976030","https://openalex.org/W2103237496","https://openalex.org/W2116467012","https://openalex.org/W2117197462","https://openalex.org/W2124151773","https://openalex.org/W2129376942","https://openalex.org/W2132089535","https://openalex.org/W2134839287","https://openalex.org/W2149153258","https://openalex.org/W2153908942","https://openalex.org/W2154908074","https://openalex.org/W2155843867","https://openalex.org/W2157962332","https://openalex.org/W2158518777","https://openalex.org/W2160016966","https://openalex.org/W2163828906","https://openalex.org/W2347627785","https://openalex.org/W2385766267","https://openalex.org/W2389469413","https://openalex.org/W2533254298","https://openalex.org/W2533640199","https://openalex.org/W2537221517","https://openalex.org/W2541400088","https://openalex.org/W2547320555","https://openalex.org/W2610225950"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7204269864","https://openalex.org/W1591267503","https://openalex.org/W1481356919","https://openalex.org/W1575078924","https://openalex.org/W1775583187","https://openalex.org/W2586521914","https://openalex.org/W796186588","https://openalex.org/W2297473113","https://openalex.org/W2083855002","https://openalex.org/W3083428863"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"advances":[1],"in":[2,105],"technology":[3],"have":[4],"enabled":[5],"the":[6,14,22,55,58,63,69,74,82,99,131,149,154,168,174,184,187,196,201,206,223,227,252,269,274],"digitization":[7],"of":[8,62,81,88,113,121,141,144,186,205,272,280],"medical":[9,18,28],"images.":[10,218],"However,":[11],"due":[12],"to":[13,24,111,165,179],"confidentiality":[15],"requirement":[16],"for":[17,48,93,130,215,226,233],"images":[19,29,51,176,260],"there":[20],"is":[21,52,76,91,161,171],"need":[23],"ensure":[25,166],"that":[26,138,167,222],"digital":[27,49,175,188],"are":[30,66,102,120,128,148,177,213],"protected":[31],"from":[32],"illegal":[33],"distortions":[34],"and":[35,60,127,151,156,173,203,210,238,257,265],"reproduction.":[36],"In":[37,54],"this":[38,106],"research,":[39],"a":[40,277],"new":[41],"watermarking":[42,169],"technique":[43,229],"based":[44],"on":[45],"spatial":[46],"domain":[47],"mammogram":[50],"proposed.":[53],"proposed":[56,207,228],"technique,":[57,208],"ROI":[59],"RONI":[61],"mammographic":[64],"image":[65,75],"detected":[67],"using":[68],"Sobel":[70],"edge":[71],"detector.":[72],"Afterwards,":[73],"partitioned":[77],"into":[78],"16":[79],"blocks":[80,97,109,119],"same":[83],"size,":[84],"where":[85],"percentage":[86,101,115],"value":[87,279],"white":[89],"pixels":[90],"calculated":[92,214],"each":[94,126],"block.":[95],"The":[96,117,159,219],"with":[98],"lowest":[100,114],"chosen,":[103],"which":[104],"case":[107],"two":[108,118,122,142],"appear":[110],"be":[112,180],"values.":[116],"percent":[123],"(2%)":[124],"values":[125,212,225,262,271],"used":[129],"embedding":[132,155],"process.":[133],"We":[134],"then":[135],"apply":[136],"BiISB":[137,160],"makes":[139],"use":[140],"levels":[143],"ISB":[145],"bit-planes":[146],"(which":[147],"higher-order-ISB":[150],"low-order-ISB)":[152],"at":[153,195],"extracting":[157],"phases.":[158],"employed":[162,194],"so":[163],"as":[164],"process":[170],"robust":[172],"made":[178],"imperceptible.":[181],"For":[182],"ensuring":[183],"security":[185],"images,":[189,236,240,242,244,247,250,255,276],"three":[190],"secret":[191],"keys":[192],"were":[193],"extraction":[197],"phase.":[198],"To":[199],"verify":[200],"robustness":[202,232],"transparency":[204],"NCC":[209,224],"PSNR":[211,270,278],"some":[216],"sampled":[217,275],"results":[220],"show":[221],"maintained":[230,261],"high":[231],"median":[234],"filtered":[235],"Salt":[237],"Pepper":[239],"Speckle":[241],"Gaussian":[243],"motion":[245],"effect":[246],"Contrast":[248],"enhanced":[249],"whereas,":[251],"Poisson":[253],"noise":[254],"rotation":[256],"JPEG":[258],"compressed":[259],"between":[263],"0.76":[264],"1.0.":[266],"By":[267],"averaging":[268],"all":[273],"59.26":[281],"db":[282],"was":[283],"achieved.":[284]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T04:12:42.849631","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
