{"id":"https://openalex.org/W58524229","doi":null,"title":"Regulating the Private Security Sector in South Africa","display_name":"Regulating the Private Security Sector in South Africa","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-09-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W58524229","mag":"58524229"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:58524229","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/29768471","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S14445259","display_name":"Social Justice A Journal of Crime Conflict & World Order","issn_l":"1043-1578","issn":["1043-1578","2327-641X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Social Justice A Journal of Crime Conflict & World Order","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055079439","display_name":"Sabelo Gumedze","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sabelo Gumedze","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055079439"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":null,"first_page":"195","last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14086","display_name":"Military and Defense Studies","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14086","display_name":"Military and Defense Studies","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12775","display_name":"Legal Issues in South Africa","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14230","display_name":"Occupational and Professional Licensing Regulation","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/private-security-companies","display_name":"private security companies","score":0.7710000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/private-military-companies","display_name":"private military companies","score":0.8199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-industry-regulation","display_name":"security industry regulation","score":0.5879999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regulatory-framework","display_name":"regulatory framework","score":0.6930000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/south-africa","display_name":"South Africa","score":0.703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/former-military-personnel","display_name":"former military personnel","score":0.6019999980926514}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27462124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q934433","display_name":"Demobilization","level":3,"score":0.7225446105003357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780105426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331662","display_name":"Disarmament","level":2,"score":0.7027231454849243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121426985","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q591763","display_name":"Private sector","level":2,"score":0.642678439617157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5756669640541077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4893495440483093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.39998307824134827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.3970814645290375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.38454893231391907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.32888907194137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.14864912629127502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.14228925108909607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:58524229","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/29768471","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S14445259","display_name":"Social Justice A Journal of Crime Conflict & World Order","issn_l":"1043-1578","issn":["1043-1578","2327-641X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Social Justice A Journal of Crime Conflict & World Order","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"},{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.48510000109672546,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W44552204","https://openalex.org/W234606835","https://openalex.org/W2023186685","https://openalex.org/W2026474459","https://openalex.org/W2036532406","https://openalex.org/W2094149621","https://openalex.org/W2155394353","https://openalex.org/W2263886497","https://openalex.org/W2296731911"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3125748717","https://openalex.org/W2281592973","https://openalex.org/W3015203451","https://openalex.org/W267670862","https://openalex.org/W4231456291","https://openalex.org/W2510340839","https://openalex.org/W275192309","https://openalex.org/W3125990502","https://openalex.org/W6892574791","https://openalex.org/W2284218494"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Introduction":[0],"THIS":[1],"ARTICLE":[2],"SEEKS":[3],"TO":[4],"ANALYZE":[5],"THE":[6],"SOUTH":[7],"AFRICAN":[8],"REGULATORY":[9],"FRAMEWORK":[10],"FOR":[11],"the":[12,24,89,132,137,145,181,193,205,210,213,224,235,255,259,265,272,284,323,373,428,466,491,504,517,528,534,541,556,576,580,595,634],"private":[113],"security":[531],"industry,":[15],"an":[16,28,33,156],"object":[17],"of":[18,70,88,131,184,212,226,261,271,281,357,453,493,523,527,536,540,560,570,582,597],"investigation":[19],"that,":[20],"at":[21,23,446,609],"least":[22],"domestic":[25],"level,":[26],"presents":[27,155],"interesting":[29,157],"case":[30,467],"study":[31],"for":[32,209,304,380,438,468,471,617],"effective":[34],"regulatory":[35,166,207],"regime.":[36],"(1)":[37],"Private":[38,310,518],"as":[40,73,204,322,348,371,514,533,573,631],"a":[41,84,300,377,460,494,498,546,561,587,606],"concept":[42],"means":[43,52,58],"different":[44,47],"things":[45],"to":[46,49,55,123,161,179,188,250,321,375,392,409,427,481],"people:":[48],"some,":[50],"it":[51,57],"mercenaries,":[53],"yet,":[54],"others,":[56],"military":[60,114,247],"companies":[349],"(PMCs)":[62],"and":[63,76,100,102,165,240,283,306,314,341,355,359,363,390,399,414,433,441,478,612,636],"(PSCs).":[67],"Others":[68],"think":[69],"including":[74,339,361],"vigilantes":[75],"community":[77],"police,":[78],"while":[79],"some":[80],"do":[81],"not":[82,117],"see":[83],"difference":[85],"between":[86],"any":[87,129,551,567,598,603],"above.":[90],"Rightly":[91],"or":[92,112,538,544,548,558,563,565,578,589,600,621,627],"wrongly,":[93],"much":[94,172],"has":[95],"been":[96],"written":[97],"on":[98,144,331,555,566,579,614],"PSCs":[99,227,305,313,332,347,370,404,456],"PMCs":[307],"their":[103,252,297,442,454],"association":[104],"with":[105,159,296,594],"mercenary":[106],"activities":[107],"(Nathan,":[108],"1997).":[109],"Sometimes":[110],"outfits":[115],"(and":[116],"necessarily":[118],"PSCs)":[119],"are":[120,177,435,479],"recklessly":[121],"likened":[122],"mercenaries":[124],"(Juma,":[125],"2005:":[126],"436),":[127],"without":[128],"consideration":[130],"role":[133],"they":[134,384],"play":[135],"in":[136,198,217,228,245,254,352,406,451,459,497,516,550,575,592,602,633],"contemporary":[138],"architecture.":[140],"This":[141,327],"article":[142,328],"focuses":[143,329],"industry":[148,507],"within":[149,334],"South":[150,189,194,229,274,335],"Africa's":[151,190],"borders":[152],"since":[153],"this":[154,185,424,502],"dynamic":[158],"respect":[160],"its":[162],"growth,":[163],"context,":[164,503],"framework.":[167],"It":[168],"refrains":[169],"from":[170,485],"delving":[171],"into":[173],"definitional":[174],"gymnastics,":[175],"which":[176,243],"likely":[178],"blur":[180],"main":[182],"objective":[183],"discourse.":[186],"Due":[187],"peculiar":[191],"history,":[192],"African":[195,275],"government":[196],"put":[197],"place":[199],"what":[200,317],"could":[201],"be":[202],"regarded":[203],"strictest":[206],"mechanisms":[208],"operation":[211],"sector":[216,257],"Africa.":[218,336],"Taljaard":[219],"(2006:":[220,367],"171)":[221],"argues":[222],"that":[223,350,382,403,423,430],"emergence":[225],"Africa":[230],"was":[231],"largely":[232],"informed":[233],"by":[234,488,511],"DDRR":[236],"(disarmament,":[237],"demobilization,":[238],"rehabilitation,":[239],"reintegration)":[241],"process,":[242],"resulted":[244],"former":[246,273,290],"personnel":[248,358,474],"wishing":[249],"supplement":[251],"income":[253],"through":[258],"formation":[260],"PSCs.":[262],"In":[263,501],"particular,":[264],"notorious":[266],"32":[267,291],"Battalion--a":[268],"special":[269],"unit":[270],"Defence":[276],"Force--subsequently":[277],"became":[278,299],"key":[279,301],"members":[280,293],"desolate":[285],"mining":[286],"town":[287],"(Pomfret),":[288],"where":[289],"Battalion":[292],"were":[294],"left":[295],"families,":[298],"recruiting":[302],"ground":[303],"(Ibid.)":[308],"The":[309],"Security":[311,519],"Industry":[312,520],"form":[316],"is":[318,425,465],"broadly":[319],"referred":[320],"industry.":[326],"mainly":[330],"operating":[333],"Various":[337],"scholars,":[338],"Shreier":[340],"Caparini":[342],"(2005:":[343],"2),":[344],"have":[345,418],"defined":[346],"specialize":[351],"providing":[353,586,605],"protection":[356,557],"property,":[360,412],"humanitarian":[362,397,495],"industrial":[364],"assets.":[365],"Small":[366],"7)":[368],"defines":[369,530],"having":[372],"ability":[374],"provide":[376,385],"'proximate":[378],"capacity'":[379],"violence,":[381],"is,":[383],"defensive":[386],"services,":[388],"equipment,":[389],"training":[391],"(mostly)":[393],"multinational":[394],"corporations,":[395],"businesses,":[396],"agencies,":[398],"individuals.":[400],"She":[401],"adds":[402],"operate":[405,458],"high-risk":[407],"environments":[408,449],"protect":[410],"assets,":[413],"individuals":[415,434],"(Ibid.).":[416],"I":[417],"argued":[419],"elsewhere":[420],"(Gumedze,":[421],"2007)":[422],"due":[426],"fact":[429],"property":[432,549,564,601],"always":[436],"targeted":[437],"various":[439],"reasons":[440],"forever":[444],"remains":[445],"stake.":[447],"Although":[448],"vary":[450],"terms":[452],"volatility,":[455],"generally":[457],"less":[461],"risky":[462],"environment":[463],"than":[464],"PMCs.":[469],"Risks":[470],"who":[475],"transport":[476],"money":[477],"exposed":[480],"transit":[482],"heists":[483],"differ":[484],"those":[486],"taken":[487],"guarding":[490],"premises":[492,615],"organization":[496],"post-conflict":[499],"zone.":[500],"offers":[508],"services":[510],"providers":[513],"envisaged":[515],"Regulation":[521],"Act":[522,639],"2001.":[524],"Section":[525],"1":[526],"act":[529,577],"service":[572,591,607],"provision":[535],"one":[537],"more":[539],"following:":[542],"protecting":[543],"safeguarding":[545,559,596],"person":[547,562,599],"manner;":[552,604],"giving":[553],"advice":[554],"other":[568],"type":[569],"contemplated":[574,632],"use":[581],"equipment;":[584],"(2)":[585],"reactive":[588],"response":[590],"connection":[593],"aimed":[608],"ensuring":[610],"order":[611],"safety":[613],"used":[616],"sporting,":[618],"recreational,":[619],"entertainment,":[620],"similar":[622],"purposes;":[623],"manufacturing,":[624],"importing,":[625],"distributing,":[626],"advertising":[628],"monitoring":[629],"devices":[630],"Interception":[635],"Monitoring":[637],"Prohibition":[638],"No.":[640],"\u2026":[641]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-01T08:54:57.152042","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}