{"id":"https://openalex.org/W583045708","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/221393","title":"Borgu and Its Kingdoms: A Reconstruction of a Western Sudanese Polity","display_name":"Borgu and Its Kingdoms: A Reconstruction of a Western Sudanese Polity","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W583045708","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/221393","mag":"583045708"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/221393","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/221393","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/221393","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S169569900","display_name":"The International Journal of African Historical Studies","issn_l":"0361-7882","issn":["0361-7882","2326-3016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jufo-2","norway-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315938","host_organization_name":"Boston University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315938"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Boston University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The International Journal of African Historical Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Julius Adekunle","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julius Adekunle","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019960738","display_name":"Marjorie Helen Stewart","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marjorie H. Stewart","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.1102248,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"3","first_page":"644","last_page":"644"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13019","display_name":"African Studies and Geopolitics","score":0.5029000043869019,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13019","display_name":"African Studies and Geopolitics","score":0.5029000043869019,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14395","display_name":"African history and culture studies","score":0.492900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13162","display_name":"African Studies and Ethnography","score":0.0019000000320374966,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mande-peoples","display_name":"Mande peoples","score":0.8510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/long-distance-trade","display_name":"long-distance trade","score":0.8690000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/investment-casting","display_name":"investment casting","score":0.7070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kingship-and-religion","display_name":"kingship and religion","score":0.628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oral-tradition","display_name":"oral tradition","score":0.8790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genealogy","display_name":"genealogy","score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/historical-reconstruction","display_name":"historical reconstruction","score":0.6740000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/western-sudan","display_name":"Western Sudan","score":0.7519999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benin","display_name":"Benin","score":0.671999990940094}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779707719","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1063239","display_name":"Polity","level":3,"score":0.9247238636016846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13801280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36732","display_name":"Kingdom","level":2,"score":0.838702917098999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.5474718809127808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195244886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41493","display_name":"Ancient history","level":1,"score":0.4837179481983185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53553401","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47307","display_name":"Genealogy","level":1,"score":0.34280163049697876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2975851893424988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.15844950079917908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.10927021503448486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.07712772488594055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0381292998790741}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/221393","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/221393","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/221393","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S169569900","display_name":"The International Journal of African Historical Studies","issn_l":"0361-7882","issn":["0361-7882","2326-3016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jufo-2","norway-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315938","host_organization_name":"Boston University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315938"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Boston University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The International Journal of African Historical Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2385474510","https://openalex.org/W4365148112","https://openalex.org/W585170988","https://openalex.org/W4388059724","https://openalex.org/W1689884600","https://openalex.org/W3199333699","https://openalex.org/W2336961940","https://openalex.org/W4251955621","https://openalex.org/W2982540607"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"text":[1],"documents":[2],"the":[3,13,17,22,28,43,49,57,66,79,94],"history":[4],"of":[5,16,19,25,42,59,84,107,115],"Borgu":[6,82,108],"(a":[7],"little-known":[8],"area":[9],"now":[10],"situated":[11],"in":[12,39,100],"northern":[14],"part":[15],"Republic":[18],"Benin":[20],"and":[21,62,71,93,119,124],"north-western":[23],"region":[24],"Nigeria)":[26],"from":[27,34],"period":[29],"when":[30],"Mande":[31],"peoples":[32],"migrated":[33],"their":[35],"homeland":[36],"to":[37],"settle":[38],"many":[40],"parts":[41],"Western":[44],"Sudan":[45],"including":[46],"Borgu.":[47],"By":[48,78],"ninth":[50],"century,":[51,81],"they":[52],"had":[53],"established":[54],"long-distance":[55],"trade;":[56],"art":[58],"making":[60],"brass":[61],"copper":[63],"artifacts":[64],"by":[65],"lost-wax":[67],"technique":[68],"was":[69,97],"known;":[70],"large":[72],"political":[73],"entities":[74],"were":[75],"being":[76],"formed.":[77],"15th":[80],"consisted":[83],"three":[85],"kingdoms":[86],"whose":[87],"rulers":[88],"claimed":[89],"close":[90],"kinship":[91],"ties,":[92],"king's":[95],"position":[96],"firmly":[98],"rooted":[99],"ancient":[101],"religious":[102],"traditions.":[103],"The":[104],"historical":[105],"reconstruction":[106],"society":[109],"rests":[110],"on":[111],"a":[112],"detailed":[113],"examination":[114],"oral":[116],"tradition,":[117],"linguistic":[118],"genealogical":[120],"data,":[121],"archival":[122],"records":[123],"ethnographic":[125],"fieldwork.":[126]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}