{"id":"https://openalex.org/W569632210","doi":"https://doi.org/10.25172/jalc.69.1.3","title":"The Wright Patent Wars and Early American Aviation","display_name":"The Wright Patent Wars and Early American Aviation","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W569632210","doi":"https://doi.org/10.25172/jalc.69.1.3","mag":"569632210"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.25172/jalc.69.1.3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.25172/jalc.69.1.3","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.25172/jalc.69.1.3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764759150","display_name":"Journal of Air Law and Commerce","issn_l":"0021-8642","issn":["0021-8642","2996-6728"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["abdc-a","jufo-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4360969279","host_organization_name":"Southern Methodist University School of Law","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4360969279"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Southern Methodist University School of Law"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Air Law and Commerce","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://scholar.smu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1683&context=jalc","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082120124","display_name":"Herbert Alan Johnson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Herbert A. Johnson","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5082120124"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"69","issue":"1","first_page":"21","last_page":"21"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14116","display_name":"Aviation History and Innovations","score":0.7289999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14116","display_name":"Aviation History and Innovations","score":0.7289999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10856","display_name":"Intellectual Property and Patents","score":0.18569999933242798,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13842","display_name":"Intellectual Property Law","score":0.06260000169277191,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wright-brothers","display_name":"Wright brothers","score":0.7210000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patent-litigation","display_name":"patent litigation","score":0.5450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patent-infringement","display_name":"patent infringement","score":0.675000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patent-pools","display_name":"patent pools","score":0.6039999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aircraft-manufacturing","display_name":"aircraft manufacturing","score":0.4429999887943268}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777667586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8038170","display_name":"Wright","level":2,"score":0.912265956401825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178802073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8421","display_name":"Aeronautics","level":1,"score":0.7307884693145752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74448152","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q765633","display_name":"Aviation","level":2,"score":0.684273898601532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.45656782388687134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77595967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3151013","display_name":"Forensic engineering","level":1,"score":0.32711389660835266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.20142728090286255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.07364466786384583}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.25172/jalc.69.1.3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.25172/jalc.69.1.3","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.25172/jalc.69.1.3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764759150","display_name":"Journal of Air Law and Commerce","issn_l":"0021-8642","issn":["0021-8642","2996-6728"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["abdc-a","jufo-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4360969279","host_organization_name":"Southern Methodist University School of Law","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4360969279"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Southern Methodist University School of Law"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Air Law and Commerce","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholar.smu.edu:jalc-1683","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholar.smu.edu/jalc/vol69/iss1/3","pdf_url":"https://scholar.smu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1683&context=jalc","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196617","display_name":"SMU Scholar (Southern Methodist University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I178169726","host_organization_name":"Southern Methodist University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I178169726"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Air Law and Commerce","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:569632210","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholar.smu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1683&context=jalc","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764759150","display_name":"Journal of Air Law and Commerce","issn_l":"0021-8642","issn":["0021-8642","2996-6728"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["abdc-a","jufo-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4360969279","host_organization_name":"Southern Methodist University School of Law","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4360969279"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Southern Methodist University School of Law"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Air Law and Commerce","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:scholar.smu.edu:jalc-1683","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholar.smu.edu/jalc/vol69/iss1/3","pdf_url":"https://scholar.smu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1683&context=jalc","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196617","display_name":"SMU Scholar (Southern Methodist University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I178169726","host_organization_name":"Southern Methodist University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I178169726"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Air Law and Commerce","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310846","display_name":"University of South Carolina","ror":"https://ror.org/02b6qw903"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332467","display_name":"U.S. Air Force","ror":"https://ror.org/006gmme17"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W569632210.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W569632210.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W245805967","https://openalex.org/W2172671984","https://openalex.org/W2122404708","https://openalex.org/W7100227743","https://openalex.org/W7016178643","https://openalex.org/W238808278","https://openalex.org/W84718916","https://openalex.org/W2194518740","https://openalex.org/W2069560193","https://openalex.org/W7044168675"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"WA7rITING":[0],"IN":[1],"Poor":[2],"Richard's":[3],"Almanack":[4],"in":[5,53,58,181,195],"1742,":[6],"Benjamin":[7],"Franklin":[8],"provided":[9],"a":[10,37,54,137],"good":[11],"vignette":[12],"about":[13],"the":[14,24,27,74,116,119,134,141,147,163,175,182,204],"expenses":[15],"and":[16,127,169,199],"frustrations":[17],"that":[18,186],"would":[19],"bedevil":[20],"airplane":[21,121,143],"manufacturers":[22],"at":[23,43],"beginning":[25],"of":[26,46,136,155,162,193],"twentieth":[28],"century.He":[29],"wrote:":[30],"In":[31],"my":[32,66,83],"travels":[33],"I":[34,63,80],"once":[35],"saw":[36],"Sign":[38],"call'd":[39],"The":[40],"Two":[41],"Men":[42],"Law;":[44],"One":[45],"them":[47],"was":[48,69,87,114,123,131],"painted":[49],"on":[50,73],"one":[51],"Side,":[52,76],"melancholy":[55],"posture,":[56],"all":[57],"Rags":[59],"with":[60,77],"this":[61],"Scroll,":[62],"have":[64,81,103,179],"lost":[65,202],"Cause.The":[67],"other":[68,75,111],"capering":[70],"for":[71],"Joy,":[72],"these":[78],"Words,":[79],"gain'd":[82],"Suit,":[84],"but":[85,93,184,206],"he":[86],"stark":[88],"naked.'Litigation":[89],"is":[90],"always":[91,104],"expensive,":[92],"federal":[94,148],"cases":[95],"filed":[96],"to":[97,178,203],"defend":[98],"U.S.":[99],"patents":[100],"against":[101],"infringement":[102],"been":[105],"far":[106],"more":[107],"costly":[108],"than":[109],"most":[110],"judicial":[112],"matters.This":[113],"particularly":[115],"case":[117],"when":[118],"Wright":[120,164],"patent":[122,138],"litigated":[124],"between":[125],"1909":[126],"1917.A":[128],"1918":[129],"truce":[130],"negotiated":[132],"through":[133],"establishment":[135],"pool":[139],"among":[140],"leading":[142],"manufacturers,":[144],"midwifed":[145],"by":[146,185],"government":[149],"intent":[150],"upon":[151],"increased":[152],"wartime":[153],"production":[154],"aircraft.Franklin's":[156],"caricature":[157],"might":[158],"well":[159],"be":[160],"descriptive":[161],"Brothers,":[165],"their":[166],"successor":[167],"companies,":[168],"those":[170],"who":[171],"opposed":[172],"them.In":[173],"1914,":[174],"Wrights":[176],"appeared":[177],"won":[180],"courts,":[183],"time":[187],"they":[188],"had":[189],"forfeited":[190],"any":[191],"hope":[192],"preeminence":[194],"airframe":[196],"manufacturing.Ostensibly,":[197],"Curtiss":[198],"his":[200],"companies":[201],"Wrights,":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}