{"id":"https://openalex.org/W563268058","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/chol9780521077910.004","title":"THE CITIES OF BABYLONIA","display_name":"THE CITIES OF BABYLONIA","publication_year":1971,"publication_date":"1971-10-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W563268058","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/chol9780521077910.004","mag":"563268058"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/chol9780521077910.004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/chol9780521077910.004","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/chol9780521077910.004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306462995","display_name":"Cambridge University Press eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Cambridge Ancient History","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"volume":{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4211218613","display_name":"The Cambridge Ancient History"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113728170","display_name":"C. J. Gadd","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124357947","display_name":"University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/04cw6st05","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"C. J. Gadd","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of London"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124357947"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5113728170"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124357947"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.01652893,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"93","last_page":"144"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12307","display_name":"Ancient Near East History","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12307","display_name":"Ancient Near East History","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10362","display_name":"Biblical Studies and Interpretation","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1212","display_name":"Religious studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12555","display_name":"Ancient Egypt and Archaeology","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-dynastic-period","display_name":"Early Dynastic period","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cylinder-seal","display_name":"cylinder seal","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cuneiform","display_name":"cuneiform","score":0.7099999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ur","display_name":"Ur","score":0.3720000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uruk","display_name":"Uruk","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/royal-tombs","display_name":"royal tombs","score":0.7639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sumerian-civilization","display_name":"Sumerian civilization","score":0.5019999742507935}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779017129","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660651","display_name":"Memorandum","level":2,"score":0.6651794910430908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778757428","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1250464","display_name":"Realm","level":2,"score":0.65053790807724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.6310185194015503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776445246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1792644","display_name":"Style (visual arts)","level":2,"score":0.5531675219535828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781291010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178580","display_name":"Period (music)","level":2,"score":0.519515872001648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.5120216012001038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780317896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2703","display_name":"Epoch (astronomy)","level":3,"score":0.4784446060657501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4288441240787506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.42781734466552734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195244886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41493","display_name":"Ancient history","level":1,"score":0.4078628122806549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53553401","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47307","display_name":"Genealogy","level":1,"score":0.3476528227329254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.2411525845527649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.21401897072792053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107038049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35986","display_name":"Aesthetics","level":1,"score":0.1954643428325653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.1918264627456665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.15362021327018738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.09447073936462402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150846664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7602306","display_name":"Stars","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/chol9780521077910.004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/chol9780521077910.004","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/chol9780521077910.004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306462995","display_name":"Cambridge University Press eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Cambridge Ancient History","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":822,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W35579043","https://openalex.org/W165777182","https://openalex.org/W174950796","https://openalex.org/W188526753","https://openalex.org/W353178901","https://openalex.org/W360178715","https://openalex.org/W409851703","https://openalex.org/W426381505","https://openalex.org/W429645359","https://openalex.org/W432843159","https://openalex.org/W434082444","https://openalex.org/W436137521","https://openalex.org/W561322421","https://openalex.org/W562847717","https://openalex.org/W565196177","https://openalex.org/W566877287","https://openalex.org/W567123223","https://openalex.org/W567712743","https://openalex.org/W567965035","https://openalex.org/W568329290","https://openalex.org/W577135227","https://openalex.org/W577340870","https://openalex.org/W580015536","https://openalex.org/W580125487","https://openalex.org/W584050396","https://openalex.org/W585144234","https://openalex.org/W586510946","https://openalex.org/W591633992","https://openalex.org/W593859431","https://openalex.org/W594019918","https://openalex.org/W595888533","https://openalex.org/W596890185","https://openalex.org/W600853528","https://openalex.org/W602833586","https://openalex.org/W603049273","https://openalex.org/W603771847","https://openalex.org/W606402952","https://openalex.org/W608515312","https://openalex.org/W610908250","https://openalex.org/W612048312","https://openalex.org/W613020526","https://openalex.org/W613069122","https://openalex.org/W617927638","https://openalex.org/W617944443","https://openalex.org/W620786574","https://openalex.org/W624308129","https://openalex.org/W627979450","https://openalex.org/W628348511","https://openalex.org/W633301684","https://openalex.org/W637731749","https://openalex.org/W639804691","https://openalex.org/W640047332","https://openalex.org/W644473697","https://openalex.org/W647056025","https://openalex.org/W647741941","https://openalex.org/W652652481","https://openalex.org/W652911197","https://openalex.org/W657773848","https://openalex.org/W658908000","https://openalex.org/W658926990","https://openalex.org/W659304231","https://openalex.org/W774358156","https://openalex.org/W969820794","https://openalex.org/W1425384627","https://openalex.org/W1492636496","https://openalex.org/W1494250306","https://openalex.org/W1495777262","https://openalex.org/W1497414983","https://openalex.org/W1498184563","https://openalex.org/W1498901380","https://openalex.org/W1502712012","https://openalex.org/W1503000105","https://openalex.org/W1514525205","https://openalex.org/W1518151921","https://openalex.org/W1532309655","https://openalex.org/W1536226648","https://openalex.org/W1537194888","https://openalex.org/W1538072631","https://openalex.org/W1539331550","https://openalex.org/W1543069387","https://openalex.org/W1545002482","https://openalex.org/W1546366882","https://openalex.org/W1548623040","https://openalex.org/W1563150969","https://openalex.org/W1564398947","https://openalex.org/W1564600953","https://openalex.org/W1570500326","https://openalex.org/W1576251799","https://openalex.org/W1581824330","https://openalex.org/W1585306978","https://openalex.org/W1587060287","https://openalex.org/W1598215768","https://openalex.org/W1598465160","https://openalex.org/W1605138726","https://openalex.org/W1608341559","https://openalex.org/W1704720076","https://openalex.org/W1719184730","https://openalex.org/W1942655290","https://openalex.org/W1965568411","https://openalex.org/W1965898150","https://openalex.org/W1967913238","https://openalex.org/W1968987588","https://openalex.org/W1969302776","https://openalex.org/W1969994619","https://openalex.org/W1970126122","https://openalex.org/W1970340769","https://openalex.org/W1970512815","https://openalex.org/W1970789115","https://openalex.org/W1971047012","https://openalex.org/W1972706936","https://openalex.org/W1972854952","https://openalex.org/W1975718487","https://openalex.org/W1977049450","https://openalex.org/W1978197752","https://openalex.org/W1979971973","https://openalex.org/W1982530452","https://openalex.org/W1983006755","https://openalex.org/W1983698159","https://openalex.org/W1985003667","https://openalex.org/W1985253163","https://openalex.org/W1985301909","https://openalex.org/W1985569858","https://openalex.org/W1985676290","https://openalex.org/W1985810676","https://openalex.org/W1985901611","https://openalex.org/W1985915832","https://openalex.org/W1987262565","https://openalex.org/W1988483697","https://openalex.org/W1988732790","https://openalex.org/W1989509317","https://openalex.org/W1990799146","https://openalex.org/W1991340617","https://openalex.org/W1991645470","https://openalex.org/W1992167256","https://openalex.org/W1993104040","https://openalex.org/W1993365300","https://openalex.org/W1993582334","https://openalex.org/W1995665057","https://openalex.org/W1997706077","https://openalex.org/W1999568272","https://openalex.org/W2000561839","https://openalex.org/W2001103559","https://openalex.org/W2001311048","https://openalex.org/W2003359795","https://openalex.org/W2003524222","https://openalex.org/W2004034511","https://openalex.org/W2004730377","https://openalex.org/W2004880069","https://openalex.org/W2005277229","https://openalex.org/W2005625423","https://openalex.org/W2007770140","https://openalex.org/W2008503393","https://openalex.org/W2008869943","https://openalex.org/W2009602065","https://openalex.org/W2009940237","https://openalex.org/W2009961573","https://openalex.org/W2011405172","https://openalex.org/W2011976979","https://openalex.org/W2012096377","https://openalex.org/W2012926868","https://openalex.org/W2013018331","https://openalex.org/W2013301975","https://openalex.org/W2014812108","https://openalex.org/W2015071400","https://openalex.org/W2015322964","https://openalex.org/W2016921430","https://openalex.org/W2018159403","https://openalex.org/W2018529155","https://openalex.org/W2018816937","https://openalex.org/W2020860993","https://openalex.org/W2021094120","https://openalex.org/W2021453774","https://openalex.org/W2022231181","https://openalex.org/W2024485825","https://openalex.org/W2025264962","https://openalex.org/W2028267574","https://openalex.org/W2030345392","https://openalex.org/W2030835701","https://openalex.org/W2031021345","https://openalex.org/W2031049852","https://openalex.org/W2031060538","https://openalex.org/W2031074367","https://openalex.org/W2031285457","https://openalex.org/W2032515065","https://openalex.org/W2032898213","https://openalex.org/W2034898930","https://openalex.org/W2035500341","https://openalex.org/W2035514552","https://openalex.org/W2035691976","https://openalex.org/W2035763226","https://openalex.org/W2035913828","https://openalex.org/W2037096405","https://openalex.org/W2038960410","https://openalex.org/W2039763633","https://openalex.org/W2040066691","https://openalex.org/W2041295941","https://openalex.org/W2041670651","https://openalex.org/W2042186733","https://openalex.org/W2042716186","https://openalex.org/W2043363634","https://openalex.org/W2044125531","https://openalex.org/W2044213581","https://openalex.org/W2044730838","https://openalex.org/W2044884237","https://openalex.org/W2046781820","https://openalex.org/W2048736049","https://openalex.org/W2049361990","https://openalex.org/W2050487698","https://openalex.org/W2050496838","https://openalex.org/W2050598791","https://openalex.org/W2050651953","https://openalex.org/W2051074242","https://openalex.org/W2051377456","https://openalex.org/W2051554048","https://openalex.org/W2052042874","https://openalex.org/W2052122136","https://openalex.org/W2052690071","https://openalex.org/W2052795757","https://openalex.org/W2054425925","https://openalex.org/W2055563597","https://openalex.org/W2058079631","https://openalex.org/W2059458068","https://openalex.org/W2059544269","https://openalex.org/W2059791712","https://openalex.org/W2059854868","https://openalex.org/W2060943756","https://openalex.org/W2061039181","https://openalex.org/W2061855488","https://openalex.org/W2064163205","https://openalex.org/W2064372524","https://openalex.org/W2065238621","https://openalex.org/W2066724293","https://openalex.org/W2068079265","https://openalex.org/W2069135913","https://openalex.org/W2069689306","https://openalex.org/W2070432286","https://openalex.org/W2070448907","https://openalex.org/W2070866704","https://openalex.org/W2071016058","https://openalex.org/W2072255274","https://openalex.org/W2072974340","https://openalex.org/W2073228366","https://openalex.org/W2073252251","https://openalex.org/W2073596743","https://openalex.org/W2074156653","https://openalex.org/W2074529953","https://openalex.org/W2074821585","https://openalex.org/W2075294793","https://openalex.org/W2076428611","https://openalex.org/W2077097418","https://openalex.org/W2077744244","https://openalex.org/W2078321608","https://openalex.org/W2079095744","https://openalex.org/W2082247724","https://openalex.org/W2082755142","https://openalex.org/W2083266656","https://openalex.org/W2085129591","https://openalex.org/W2087704356","https://openalex.org/W2087734521","https://openalex.org/W2088621078","https://openalex.org/W2089172400","https://openalex.org/W2090813339","https://openalex.org/W2090937818","https://openalex.org/W2091317983","https://openalex.org/W2092250408","https://openalex.org/W2092735069","https://openalex.org/W2093454068","https://openalex.org/W2094183179","https://openalex.org/W2094330085","https://openalex.org/W2094935900","https://openalex.org/W2095264394","https://openalex.org/W2096259049","https://openalex.org/W2097428571","https://openalex.org/W2098738183","https://openalex.org/W2099830682","https://openalex.org/W2106341291","https://openalex.org/W2107378901","https://openalex.org/W2108986860","https://openalex.org/W2113830280","https://openalex.org/W2117235781","https://openalex.org/W2117636956","https://openalex.org/W2122998726","https://openalex.org/W2123318942","https://openalex.org/W2123956302","https://openalex.org/W2133203518","https://openalex.org/W2141648285","https://openalex.org/W2143895539","https://openalex.org/W2150724192","https://openalex.org/W2150968055","https://openalex.org/W2152314724","https://openalex.org/W2155669128","https://openalex.org/W2168452313","https://openalex.org/W2170055257","https://openalex.org/W2171901434","https://openalex.org/W2180824395","https://openalex.org/W2185140608","https://openalex.org/W2198183180","https://openalex.org/W2201752426","https://openalex.org/W2205097381","https://openalex.org/W2256311906","https://openalex.org/W2256467792","https://openalex.org/W2270534884","https://openalex.org/W2271345880","https://openalex.org/W2279297223","https://openalex.org/W2281843452","https://openalex.org/W2284117158","https://openalex.org/W2284391842","https://openalex.org/W2296252439","https://openalex.org/W2299969058","https://openalex.org/W2312300694","https://openalex.org/W2312345867","https://openalex.org/W2312443067","https://openalex.org/W2312780828","https://openalex.org/W2313355013","https://openalex.org/W2313798078","https://openalex.org/W2313885631","https://openalex.org/W2313984345","https://openalex.org/W2314134085","https://openalex.org/W2314144154","https://openalex.org/W2314171567","https://openalex.org/W2314266431","https://openalex.org/W2314314219","https://openalex.org/W2314462059","https://openalex.org/W2314581462","https://openalex.org/W2314603985","https://openalex.org/W2314791243","https://openalex.org/W2314819037","https://openalex.org/W2314952575","https://openalex.org/W2315079359","https://openalex.org/W2315547767","https://openalex.org/W2315727115","https://openalex.org/W2315824913","https://openalex.org/W2316055406","https://openalex.org/W2316082290","https://openalex.org/W2316262254","https://openalex.org/W2316318719","https://openalex.org/W2316331048","https://openalex.org/W2316436698","https://openalex.org/W2316543683","https://openalex.org/W2316726342","https://openalex.org/W2316933179","https://openalex.org/W2317187455","https://openalex.org/W2317351102","https://openalex.org/W2318048725","https://openalex.org/W2318096745","https://openalex.org/W2318122526","https://openalex.org/W2318158308","https://openalex.org/W2318232406","https://openalex.org/W2318409043","https://openalex.org/W2318622379","https://openalex.org/W2318693658","https://openalex.org/W2318750704","https://openalex.org/W2318803142","https://openalex.org/W2318922773","https://openalex.org/W2318964664","https://openalex.org/W2319064954","https://openalex.org/W2319153192","https://openalex.org/W2319303459","https://openalex.org/W2319534750","https://openalex.org/W2320051653","https://openalex.org/W2320090127","https://openalex.org/W2320113993","https://openalex.org/W2320150501","https://openalex.org/W2320223948","https://openalex.org/W2320248606","https://openalex.org/W2320326067","https://openalex.org/W2320404540","https://openalex.org/W2320406411","https://openalex.org/W2320604250","https://openalex.org/W2320696452","https://openalex.org/W2320808748","https://openalex.org/W2320899066","https://openalex.org/W2321052269","https://openalex.org/W2321095963","https://openalex.org/W2321166855","https://openalex.org/W2321176121","https://openalex.org/W2321204458","https://openalex.org/W2321244018","https://openalex.org/W2321305247","https://openalex.org/W2321739450","https://openalex.org/W2321910809","https://openalex.org/W2321918593","https://openalex.org/W2321947757","https://openalex.org/W2322037329","https://openalex.org/W2322135946","https://openalex.org/W2322258109","https://openalex.org/W2322262233","https://openalex.org/W2322786408","https://openalex.org/W2322800243","https://openalex.org/W2322910883","https://openalex.org/W2322928429","https://openalex.org/W2322978317","https://openalex.org/W2323031520","https://openalex.org/W2323098792","https://openalex.org/W2323131514","https://openalex.org/W2323188073","https://openalex.org/W2323350785","https://openalex.org/W2323381467","https://openalex.org/W2323418900","https://openalex.org/W2323446681","https://openalex.org/W2323867559","https://openalex.org/W2323899449","https://openalex.org/W2324081042","https://openalex.org/W2324695080","https://openalex.org/W2324808024","https://openalex.org/W2325001157","https://openalex.org/W2325097386","https://openalex.org/W2325125541","https://openalex.org/W2325438422","https://openalex.org/W2325522940","https://openalex.org/W2325567037","https://openalex.org/W2325659785","https://openalex.org/W2325894647","https://openalex.org/W2326001153","https://openalex.org/W2326020950","https://openalex.org/W2326040571","https://openalex.org/W2326096173","https://openalex.org/W2326181567","https://openalex.org/W2326204748","https://openalex.org/W2326243837","https://openalex.org/W2326701657","https://openalex.org/W2326726481","https://openalex.org/W2326995872","https://openalex.org/W2327009041","https://openalex.org/W2327182261","https://openalex.org/W2327315925","https://openalex.org/W2327596073","https://openalex.org/W2327619392","https://openalex.org/W2327759238","https://openalex.org/W2327762480","https://openalex.org/W2327762606","https://openalex.org/W2327877713","https://openalex.org/W2327899548","https://openalex.org/W2328340717","https://openalex.org/W2328564800","https://openalex.org/W2328600331","https://openalex.org/W2328950582","https://openalex.org/W2329136326","https://openalex.org/W2329199091","https://openalex.org/W2329434820","https://openalex.org/W2329491713","https://openalex.org/W2329571138","https://openalex.org/W2329643986","https://openalex.org/W2329723827","https://openalex.org/W2329789575","https://openalex.org/W2329853539","https://openalex.org/W2329916033","https://openalex.org/W2329963144","https://openalex.org/W2329993662","https://openalex.org/W2330111853","https://openalex.org/W2330576326","https://openalex.org/W2330797286","https://openalex.org/W2331057615","https://openalex.org/W2331096432","https://openalex.org/W2331139411","https://openalex.org/W2331174256","https://openalex.org/W2331181315","https://openalex.org/W2331278818","https://openalex.org/W2331687867","https://openalex.org/W2332008361","https://openalex.org/W2332122525","https://openalex.org/W2332194136","https://openalex.org/W2332207515","https://openalex.org/W2332244956","https://openalex.org/W2332461937","https://openalex.org/W2332558484","https://openalex.org/W2332661595","https://openalex.org/W2333007521","https://openalex.org/W2333207686","https://openalex.org/W2333296857","https://openalex.org/W2333458336","https://openalex.org/W2333594228","https://openalex.org/W2333842797","https://openalex.org/W2333905188","https://openalex.org/W2334521431","https://openalex.org/W2334543006","https://openalex.org/W2334749828","https://openalex.org/W2334838088","https://openalex.org/W2335150690","https://openalex.org/W2335201839","https://openalex.org/W2335598971","https://openalex.org/W2335652248","https://openalex.org/W2340710944","https://openalex.org/W2344103419","https://openalex.org/W2345756643","https://openalex.org/W2345856284","https://openalex.org/W2395420963","https://openalex.org/W2399703587","https://openalex.org/W2400461289","https://openalex.org/W2418977847","https://openalex.org/W2465707612","https://openalex.org/W2466769742","https://openalex.org/W2468340760","https://openalex.org/W2473595220","https://openalex.org/W2475272308","https://openalex.org/W2476220768","https://openalex.org/W2479304568","https://openalex.org/W2482291943","https://openalex.org/W2483170371","https://openalex.org/W2485207412","https://openalex.org/W2488861914","https://openalex.org/W2495834546","https://openalex.org/W2497062935","https://openalex.org/W2500684719","https://openalex.org/W2504548149","https://openalex.org/W2505671570","https://openalex.org/W2519314349","https://openalex.org/W2520558652","https://openalex.org/W2522177346","https://openalex.org/W2528993931","https://openalex.org/W2538597294","https://openalex.org/W2563335104","https://openalex.org/W2563604586","https://openalex.org/W2564157698","https://openalex.org/W2566451286","https://openalex.org/W2600531162","https://openalex.org/W2603078775","https://openalex.org/W2606678306","https://openalex.org/W2610275585","https://openalex.org/W2612217848","https://openalex.org/W2617483151","https://openalex.org/W2724120975","https://openalex.org/W2724664921","https://openalex.org/W2724690230","https://openalex.org/W2725443004","https://openalex.org/W2725483114","https://openalex.org/W2725906309","https://openalex.org/W2726041484","https://openalex.org/W2726431231","https://openalex.org/W2726440203","https://openalex.org/W2726509047","https://openalex.org/W2726555634","https://openalex.org/W2727005241","https://openalex.org/W2727287685","https://openalex.org/W2727436925","https://openalex.org/W2728274456","https://openalex.org/W2729126061","https://openalex.org/W2729164451","https://openalex.org/W2729257779","https://openalex.org/W2729441348","https://openalex.org/W2729495896","https://openalex.org/W2729554579","https://openalex.org/W2730177102","https://openalex.org/W2730746871","https://openalex.org/W2730804945","https://openalex.org/W2730821869","https://openalex.org/W2730918415","https://openalex.org/W2730956210","https://openalex.org/W2731049960","https://openalex.org/W2731862195","https://openalex.org/W2732151873","https://openalex.org/W2732417400","https://openalex.org/W2732535242","https://openalex.org/W2732604220","https://openalex.org/W2733389148","https://openalex.org/W2734115024","https://openalex.org/W2734182526","https://openalex.org/W2736067484","https://openalex.org/W2737875420","https://openalex.org/W2738674722","https://openalex.org/W2759731128","https://openalex.org/W2787668198","https://openalex.org/W2787909628","https://openalex.org/W2788011296","https://openalex.org/W2789296230","https://openalex.org/W2789304498","https://openalex.org/W2789312816","https://openalex.org/W2789313702","https://openalex.org/W2789492329","https://openalex.org/W2789571000","https://openalex.org/W2789700910","https://openalex.org/W2789727959","https://openalex.org/W2789737080","https://openalex.org/W2789938968","https://openalex.org/W2789978369","https://openalex.org/W2789992223","https://openalex.org/W2789999774","https://openalex.org/W2790039523","https://openalex.org/W2790113782","https://openalex.org/W2790150352","https://openalex.org/W2790485184","https://openalex.org/W2790538612","https://openalex.org/W2790635139","https://openalex.org/W2790656863","https://openalex.org/W2790710046","https://openalex.org/W2790902800","https://openalex.org/W2790970750","https://openalex.org/W2790997076","https://openalex.org/W2791122998","https://openalex.org/W2791129333","https://openalex.org/W2791311346","https://openalex.org/W2791326947","https://openalex.org/W2791582553","https://openalex.org/W2791673643","https://openalex.org/W2791722481","https://openalex.org/W2791791719","https://openalex.org/W2791830427","https://openalex.org/W2791959433","https://openalex.org/W2792183936","https://openalex.org/W2792217334","https://openalex.org/W2792231300","https://openalex.org/W2792269177","https://openalex.org/W2792270739","https://openalex.org/W2792399303","https://openalex.org/W2792527230","https://openalex.org/W2792544382","https://openalex.org/W2792601872","https://openalex.org/W2792627780","https://openalex.org/W2792650704","https://openalex.org/W2792744141","https://openalex.org/W2792840137","https://openalex.org/W2792955394","https://openalex.org/W2793048824","https://openalex.org/W2793100940","https://openalex.org/W2793311753","https://openalex.org/W2793538225","https://openalex.org/W2793539646","https://openalex.org/W2793574918","https://openalex.org/W2793592974","https://openalex.org/W2793611753","https://openalex.org/W2793828709","https://openalex.org/W2793910835","https://openalex.org/W2794158274","https://openalex.org/W2794281819","https://openalex.org/W2794431020","https://openalex.org/W2795758737","https://openalex.org/W2795848025","https://openalex.org/W2795874305","https://openalex.org/W2795932020","https://openalex.org/W2795933501","https://openalex.org/W2795979802","https://openalex.org/W2796074421","https://openalex.org/W2796224041","https://openalex.org/W2796482245","https://openalex.org/W2796515994","https://openalex.org/W2796968987","https://openalex.org/W2797029098","https://openalex.org/W2797036442","https://openalex.org/W2797116298","https://openalex.org/W2797311205","https://openalex.org/W2797358023","https://openalex.org/W2797408019","https://openalex.org/W2797478240","https://openalex.org/W2797492621","https://openalex.org/W2797496728","https://openalex.org/W2797731257","https://openalex.org/W2797823577","https://openalex.org/W2797945743","https://openalex.org/W2798003797","https://openalex.org/W2798029496","https://openalex.org/W2798031662","https://openalex.org/W2798232069","https://openalex.org/W2800454868","https://openalex.org/W2800576888","https://openalex.org/W2800622109","https://openalex.org/W2802471693","https://openalex.org/W2802591491","https://openalex.org/W2802854966","https://openalex.org/W2902163829","https://openalex.org/W2917799069","https://openalex.org/W2917890464","https://openalex.org/W2970073781","https://openalex.org/W2987942747","https://openalex.org/W2992550296","https://openalex.org/W2996948477","https://openalex.org/W3006778666","https://openalex.org/W3010140093","https://openalex.org/W3011518655","https://openalex.org/W3023496110","https://openalex.org/W3023658636","https://openalex.org/W3027258750","https://openalex.org/W3049211396","https://openalex.org/W3049537754","https://openalex.org/W3081726500","https://openalex.org/W3085461347","https://openalex.org/W3107437400","https://openalex.org/W3114971016","https://openalex.org/W3131866247","https://openalex.org/W3132995456","https://openalex.org/W3139841926","https://openalex.org/W3141210604","https://openalex.org/W3151840625","https://openalex.org/W3158133314","https://openalex.org/W3161086457","https://openalex.org/W3192686777","https://openalex.org/W3210316000","https://openalex.org/W3210402274","https://openalex.org/W4205464338","https://openalex.org/W4206570486","https://openalex.org/W4210898307","https://openalex.org/W4210928475","https://openalex.org/W4211110642","https://openalex.org/W4212918835","https://openalex.org/W4213044795","https://openalex.org/W4230014840","https://openalex.org/W4230847122","https://openalex.org/W4230853710","https://openalex.org/W4230952011","https://openalex.org/W4232161469","https://openalex.org/W4232179976","https://openalex.org/W4232855590","https://openalex.org/W4233479430","https://openalex.org/W4234418813","https://openalex.org/W4234633921","https://openalex.org/W4235750299","https://openalex.org/W4235805639","https://openalex.org/W4236261750","https://openalex.org/W4236780672","https://openalex.org/W4237617591","https://openalex.org/W4238029496","https://openalex.org/W4238582501","https://openalex.org/W4239084128","https://openalex.org/W4239147597","https://openalex.org/W4239220806","https://openalex.org/W4239229250","https://openalex.org/W4239299461","https://openalex.org/W4239678589","https://openalex.org/W4241736517","https://openalex.org/W4242159168","https://openalex.org/W4242173906","https://openalex.org/W4243340692","https://openalex.org/W4243867753","https://openalex.org/W4244058090","https://openalex.org/W4244240830","https://openalex.org/W4244467434","https://openalex.org/W4244468912","https://openalex.org/W4244824746","https://openalex.org/W4246605338","https://openalex.org/W4246750818","https://openalex.org/W4247334223","https://openalex.org/W4247921704","https://openalex.org/W4250092595","https://openalex.org/W4250299405","https://openalex.org/W4250544184","https://openalex.org/W4250730203","https://openalex.org/W4250745208","https://openalex.org/W4251063612","https://openalex.org/W4251279299","https://openalex.org/W4251327297","https://openalex.org/W4251458508","https://openalex.org/W4253064783","https://openalex.org/W4253654732","https://openalex.org/W4253811349","https://openalex.org/W4254156582","https://openalex.org/W4254371484","https://openalex.org/W4254399809","https://openalex.org/W4254483343","https://openalex.org/W4254493935","https://openalex.org/W4254889204","https://openalex.org/W4254912512","https://openalex.org/W4255109591","https://openalex.org/W4255335139","https://openalex.org/W4255804608","https://openalex.org/W4285036638","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4293799908","https://openalex.org/W4294023186","https://openalex.org/W4294023280","https://openalex.org/W4297575718","https://openalex.org/W4298215281","https://openalex.org/W4298362901","https://openalex.org/W4298839540","https://openalex.org/W4299300434","https://openalex.org/W4299353011","https://openalex.org/W4299579759","https://openalex.org/W4299911669","https://openalex.org/W4300173561","https://openalex.org/W4300502744","https://openalex.org/W4300554978","https://openalex.org/W4300573300","https://openalex.org/W4300628883","https://openalex.org/W4301122074","https://openalex.org/W4312353756","https://openalex.org/W4318012104","https://openalex.org/W4367178738","https://openalex.org/W4376599355","https://openalex.org/W4384163946","https://openalex.org/W4384213914","https://openalex.org/W4385748782","https://openalex.org/W4391221918","https://openalex.org/W4391222180","https://openalex.org/W4391222185","https://openalex.org/W4391948747","https://openalex.org/W4392481701","https://openalex.org/W4394881125","https://openalex.org/W4394902497","https://openalex.org/W4394902589","https://openalex.org/W4394902619","https://openalex.org/W4396683456","https://openalex.org/W4401796683","https://openalex.org/W4402382933","https://openalex.org/W4405274134","https://openalex.org/W6616528223","https://openalex.org/W6646442806","https://openalex.org/W6669955967","https://openalex.org/W6692391979","https://openalex.org/W6701387739","https://openalex.org/W6705214492","https://openalex.org/W6724540111","https://openalex.org/W6729677424","https://openalex.org/W6740481312","https://openalex.org/W6824503010","https://openalex.org/W6829134922","https://openalex.org/W6835605867","https://openalex.org/W6884624660","https://openalex.org/W6903388538","https://openalex.org/W6903422130","https://openalex.org/W6911166517","https://openalex.org/W6945167638","https://openalex.org/W6959596604","https://openalex.org/W6980963133","https://openalex.org/W6981386970","https://openalex.org/W6982224112","https://openalex.org/W6996854392","https://openalex.org/W6997398533","https://openalex.org/W7000078297","https://openalex.org/W7018466486","https://openalex.org/W7027407193","https://openalex.org/W7027720729","https://openalex.org/W7034792316","https://openalex.org/W7037039945","https://openalex.org/W7037230395"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3168091470","https://openalex.org/W2625665746","https://openalex.org/W7125890900","https://openalex.org/W2088412134","https://openalex.org/W7061199845","https://openalex.org/W7064137250","https://openalex.org/W2626355988","https://openalex.org/W4311466743","https://openalex.org/W583362991","https://openalex.org/W7065748223"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"THE":[0],"SECOND":[1],"AND":[2],"THIRD":[3],"EARLY":[4],"DYNASTIC":[5],"PERIODS":[6],"Materially,":[7],"the":[8,11,17,23,37,40,61,65,72,83,97,102,107,125,157,168,181,187,197,201,213,218,225,232,235,245,258,265,273,277,281,288],"changes":[9],"between":[10],"first":[12,214],"Early":[13,278],"Dynastic":[14,279],"period":[15,177],"and":[16,25,53,92,115,137,141,212,223,267],"succeeding":[18],"generations":[19],"which":[20,42,151,250],"made":[21],"up":[22],"second":[24],"third":[26],"were":[27,262],"not":[28],"great.":[29],"The":[30,162],"most":[31],"marked":[32],"was":[33,132,152],"a":[34,47,149,176],"development":[35,204],"in":[36,111,147,160,167,193,209,241,252,264],"style":[38],"of":[39,51,64,74,76,86,99,127,165,171,183,200,216,234,248,276,290],"cylinder-seals,":[41],"turned":[43],"from":[44],"patterns":[45],"to":[46,55,90,106,139,175,196,231,272,287],"more":[48],"representational":[49],"set":[50,78],"designs":[52],"began":[54],"bear":[56],"inscriptions;":[57],"these":[58,269],"last":[59],"are":[60,239],"leading":[62],"characteristic":[63],"age.":[66],"For":[67],"with":[68,82],"it":[69],"we":[70],"enter":[71],"realm":[73],"history,":[75],"record":[77],"down":[79],"by":[80,104,135,244],"men":[81],"conscious":[84],"aim":[85],"perpetuating":[87],"their":[88],"acts":[89],"posterity,":[91],"very":[93],"soon":[94],"is":[95],"added":[96],"thought":[98],"imposing":[100],"upon":[101],"present":[103],"reference":[105],"past.":[108],"Writing,":[109],"invented":[110],"an":[112],"earlier":[113,179],"epoch,":[114],"employed":[116],"since":[117,268],"then":[118],"constantly":[119],"(even":[120],"if":[121],"appearing":[122],"sporadically)":[123],"for":[124],"purpose":[126],"memorandum":[128],"concerning":[129],"material":[130],"things,":[131],"now":[133],"adopted":[134],"kings":[136],"applied":[138],"religious":[140],"political":[142],"ends.":[143],"Here":[144],"therefore":[145],"begins":[146],"Babylonia":[148],"process":[150],"under":[153],"way":[154],"at":[155,221,224],"about":[156],"same":[158],"time":[159],"Egypt.":[161],"earliest":[163],"appearance":[164],"writing":[166],"alluvial":[169],"plain":[170],"southern":[172],"Iraq":[173],"belongs":[174],"considerably":[178],"than":[180],"subject":[182],"this":[184,291],"chapter,":[185],"though":[186],"distance":[188],"can":[189,205],"hardly":[190],"be":[191,206],"measured":[192],"years.":[194],"Owing":[195],"scattered":[198],"nature":[199],"evidence,":[202],"its":[203],"watched":[207],"only":[208],"separate":[210],"groups,":[211],"two":[215,253],"these,":[217],"tablets":[219,247,283],"found":[220],"Uruk":[222],"site":[226],"called":[227],"Jamdat":[228],"Nasr,":[229],"belong":[230],"subject-matter":[233],"preceding":[236],"chapter.":[237],"These":[238],"followed":[240],"chronological":[242],"order":[243],"archaic":[246,282],"Ur,":[249],"lay":[251],"strata":[254],"already":[255],"existing":[256],"when":[257],"celebrated":[259],"\u2018royal":[260],"tombs\u2019":[261],"sunk":[263],"ground,":[266],"visibly":[270],"belonged":[271],"full":[274],"maturity":[275],"civilization":[280],"have":[284],"been":[285],"assigned":[286],"beginning":[289],"period.":[292]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
