{"id":"https://openalex.org/W563030","doi":"https://doi.org/10.20940/jae/2007/v6i1a4","title":"Opposition Party Alliances and Elections in Botswana, Lesotho and Zambia","display_name":"Opposition Party Alliances and Elections in Botswana, Lesotho and Zambia","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W563030","doi":"https://doi.org/10.20940/jae/2007/v6i1a4","mag":"563030"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.20940/jae/2007/v6i1a4","doi":"https://doi.org/10.20940/jae/2007/v6i1a4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.20940/jae/2007/v6i1a4","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.20940/jae/2007/v6i1a4","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210181253","display_name":"Journal of African Elections","issn_l":"1609-4700","issn":["1609-4700","2415-5837"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["dhet","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of African elections","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.20940/jae/2007/v6i1a4","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007221508","display_name":"Victor Shale","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2114-6685","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2114-6685"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165390105","display_name":"University of South Africa","ror":"https://ror.org/048cwvf49","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165390105"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Victor Shale","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Political Science of the University of South Africa P O Box 740 Auckland Park 2006"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Political Science of the University of South Africa P O Box 740 Auckland Park 2006","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165390105"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007221508"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165390105"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.1402,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93889936,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"1","first_page":"91","last_page":"117"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10108","display_name":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","score":0.5874000191688538,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10108","display_name":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","score":0.5874000191688538,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13162","display_name":"African Studies and Ethnography","score":0.375,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10070","display_name":"Political Conflict and Governance","score":0.02500000037252903,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coalition-formation","display_name":"coalition formation","score":0.4690000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/general-elections","display_name":"general elections","score":0.550000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/botswana","display_name":"Botswana","score":0.6710000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lesotho","display_name":"Lesotho","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zambia","display_name":"Zambia","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/southern-african-development-community","display_name":"Southern African Development Community","score":0.8830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/democratic-consolidation","display_name":"democratic consolidation","score":0.5740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/party-fragmentation","display_name":"party fragmentation","score":0.5210000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electoral-strategy","display_name":"electoral strategy","score":0.5899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ruling-party","display_name":"ruling party","score":0.3930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiparty-democracy","display_name":"multiparty democracy","score":0.609000027179718}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780668109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192852","display_name":"Opposition (politics)","level":3,"score":0.8980652093887329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.669076681137085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.44659748673439026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.33947300910949707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.20295614004135132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.15150994062423706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.14640864729881287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.14243203401565552}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.20940/jae/2007/v6i1a4","doi":"https://doi.org/10.20940/jae/2007/v6i1a4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.20940/jae/2007/v6i1a4","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.20940/jae/2007/v6i1a4","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210181253","display_name":"Journal of African Elections","issn_l":"1609-4700","issn":["1609-4700","2415-5837"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["dhet","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of African elections","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.20940/jae/2007/v6i1a4","doi":"https://doi.org/10.20940/jae/2007/v6i1a4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.20940/jae/2007/v6i1a4","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.20940/jae/2007/v6i1a4","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210181253","display_name":"Journal of African Elections","issn_l":"1609-4700","issn":["1609-4700","2415-5837"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["dhet","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of African elections","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7297000288963318,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W563030.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W563030.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W656047197","https://openalex.org/W1493909465","https://openalex.org/W1966881174","https://openalex.org/W2271710097","https://openalex.org/W2274547191"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2050431818","https://openalex.org/W1995011508","https://openalex.org/W2267246241","https://openalex.org/W2991395023","https://openalex.org/W1529106002","https://openalex.org/W2033329469","https://openalex.org/W1551481654","https://openalex.org/W160013786","https://openalex.org/W2799373179","https://openalex.org/W3120700206"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"Southern":[1],"African":[2,63],"Development":[3],"Community":[4],"has":[5,106,126],"made":[6],"significant":[7],"democratic":[8],"progress":[9],"since":[10],"the":[11,24,31,36,52,57,62,66,76,87,137,140,158,168,184,202,206,214],"1990s":[12],"following":[13],"a":[14,48,104,122,180,189,222],"wave":[15],"of":[16,27,51,139,155,170,186,217],"ferocious":[17],"internal":[18],"conflicts,":[19],"as":[20,61],"in":[21,47,56,118,132,144,209],"Angola":[22],"and":[23,86,101,135,146,220],"Democratic":[25,68],"Republic":[26],"Congo.In":[28],"order":[29,119],"for":[30,79,83,108,192,205],"achievements":[32],"to":[33,115,120,151,172,196,212,224],"be":[34,201,225],"sustained":[35],"region":[37,59],"requires":[38],"viable":[39,190],"political":[40],"parties,":[41,110],"which":[42],"are":[43,93,99],"key":[44],"role":[45],"players":[46],"democracy.The":[49],"majority":[50],"current":[53],"ruling":[54],"parties":[55,98,131,148,171,194,208],"SADC":[58],"such":[60],"National":[64],"Congress,":[65],"Botswana":[67,157],"Party,":[69],"Frente":[70],"de":[71,73],"Liberta\u00e7\u00e3o":[72],"Mo\u00e7ambique":[74],"(Frelimo),":[75],"Lesotho":[77,134,145],"Congress":[78],"Democracy,":[80],"Zambia's":[81],"Movement":[82],"Multiparty":[84],"Democracy":[85],"South":[88],"West":[89],"Africa":[90],"People's":[91],"Organisation":[92],"very":[94],"powerful,":[95],"while":[96],"opposition":[97,109,130,193,207],"fragmented":[100],"generally":[102],"weak.However,":[103],"trend":[105],"developed":[107],"having":[111],"recognised":[112],"their":[113,153,175,210,218],"limitations,":[114],"form":[116],"alliances":[117,187,200],"play":[121],"meaningful":[123],"role.This":[124],"route":[125],"been":[127],"followed":[128],"by":[129,167],"Botswana,":[133],"Zambia.On":[136],"eve":[138],"recent":[141],"general":[142],"elections":[143],"Zambia,":[147],"negotiated":[149],"strategies":[150],"maximise":[152],"chances":[154],"winning.In":[156],"negotiation":[159],"process":[160],"is":[161],"still":[162],"under":[163],"way,":[164],"albeit":[165],"threatened":[166],"failure":[169],"move":[173],"from":[174],"fixed":[176],"positions.These":[177],"developments":[178],"raise":[179],"critical":[181],"question:":[182],"does":[183],"formation":[185],"constitute":[188],"option":[191],"aspiring":[195],"power?Put":[197],"differently:":[198],"could":[199],"winning":[203],"formula":[204],"attempts":[211],"circumvent":[213],"glaring":[215],"paucity":[216],"numbers":[219],"become":[221],"force":[223],"reckoned":[226],"with?":[227]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}