{"id":"https://openalex.org/W561663288","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1214/13-aos1145","title":"Quantifying causal influences","display_name":"Quantifying causal influences","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W561663288","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1214/13-aos1145","mag":"561663288"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1214/13-aos1145","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1214/13-aos1145","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1214/13-aos1145","pdf_url":"https://projecteuclid.org/journals/annals-of-statistics/volume-41/issue-5/Quantifying-causal-influences/10.1214/13-AOS1145.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S119757635","display_name":"The Annals of Statistics","issn_l":"0090-5364","issn":["0090-5364","2168-8966"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319881","host_organization_name":"Institute of Mathematical Statistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319881"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Mathematical Statistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Annals of Statistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://projecteuclid.org/journals/annals-of-statistics/volume-41/issue-5/Quantifying-causal-influences/10.1214/13-AOS1145.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013941262","display_name":"Dominik Janzing","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135521","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/04fq9j139","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210135521"]}],"countries":["CH","DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dominik Janzing","raw_affiliation_strings":["Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems * and ETH Z\u00fcrich"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems * and ETH Z\u00fcrich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088","https://openalex.org/I4210135521"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011169641","display_name":"David Balduzzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1466-7864","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1466-7864"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135521","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/04fq9j139","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210135521"]}],"countries":["CH","DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Balduzzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems * and ETH Z\u00fcrich"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems * and ETH Z\u00fcrich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088","https://openalex.org/I4210135521"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040565095","display_name":"Moritz Grosse\u2010Wentrup","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9787-2291","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9787-2291"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135521","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/04fq9j139","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210135521"]}],"countries":["CH","DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Moritz Grosse-Wentrup","raw_affiliation_strings":["Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems * and ETH Z\u00fcrich"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems * and ETH Z\u00fcrich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088","https://openalex.org/I4210135521"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044005697","display_name":"Bernhard Sch\u00f6lkopf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8177-0925","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8177-0925"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135521","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/04fq9j139","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210135521"]}],"countries":["CH","DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bernhard Sch\u00f6lkopf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems * and ETH Z\u00fcrich"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems * and ETH Z\u00fcrich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088","https://openalex.org/I4210135521"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.5122,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":201,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97949165,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"41","issue":"5","first_page":"2324","last_page":"2358"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11303","display_name":"Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference","score":0.9824000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11303","display_name":"Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference","score":0.9824000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":0.0071000000461936,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy and History of Science","score":0.0024999999441206455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-strength","display_name":"causal strength","score":0.7059999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/directed-acyclic-graphs","display_name":"directed acyclic graphs","score":0.8989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-influence","display_name":"causal influence","score":0.5619999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kullback-leibler-divergence","display_name":"Kullback-Leibler divergence","score":0.7279999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication-channels","display_name":"communication channels","score":0.5659999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intervention","display_name":"intervention","score":0.6100000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/average-causal-effect","display_name":"average causal effect","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-entropy","display_name":"transfer entropy","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/directed-information","display_name":"directed information","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-flow","display_name":"information flow","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-series","display_name":"time series","score":0.6850000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-inference","display_name":"causal inference","score":0.5870000123977661}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.49616894125938416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.36675208806991577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3349195122718811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3217684030532837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.29095709323883057}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":9,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1214/13-aos1145","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1214/13-aos1145","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1214/13-aos1145","pdf_url":"https://projecteuclid.org/journals/annals-of-statistics/volume-41/issue-5/Quantifying-causal-influences/10.1214/13-AOS1145.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S119757635","display_name":"The Annals of Statistics","issn_l":"0090-5364","issn":["0090-5364","2168-8966"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319881","host_organization_name":"Institute of Mathematical Statistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319881"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Mathematical Statistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Annals of Statistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1203.6502","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1203.6502","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1203.6502","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CULeuclid:euclid.aos/1383661266","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.aos/1383661266","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400787","display_name":"Project Euclid (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:escidoc.org:escidoc:1909707","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-001M-0000-0015-13E7-1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407052962","display_name":"Max Planck Digital Library","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210088280","host_organization_name":"Max Planck Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088280"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.mpg.de:item_1909707","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-001M-0000-0015-13E7-1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400654","display_name":"MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I149899117","host_organization_name":"Max Planck Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"The Annals of Statistics","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.research-collection.ethz.ch:20.500.11850/75604","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850/75604","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402302","display_name":"Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","host_organization_name":"ETH Zurich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"The Annals of Statistics, 41 (5)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1203.6502","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1203.6502","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1203.6502","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},{"id":"doi:10.3929/ethz-a-010035519","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-010035519","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-010035519","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407051236","display_name":"ETH Z\u00fcrich Research Collection","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Other"},{"id":"mag:561663288","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=4992641","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13624874","display_name":"Quality Engineering","issn_l":"0898-2112","issn":["0898-2112","1532-4222"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Quality Engineering","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1214/13-aos1145","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1214/13-aos1145","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1214/13-aos1145","pdf_url":"https://projecteuclid.org/journals/annals-of-statistics/volume-41/issue-5/Quantifying-causal-influences/10.1214/13-AOS1145.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S119757635","display_name":"The Annals of Statistics","issn_l":"0090-5364","issn":["0090-5364","2168-8966"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319881","host_organization_name":"Institute of Mathematical Statistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319881"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Mathematical Statistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Annals of Statistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":0.46000000834465027}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W561663288.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W561663288.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W69501525","https://openalex.org/W106372224","https://openalex.org/W1973285887","https://openalex.org/W1981174195","https://openalex.org/W2030143409","https://openalex.org/W2041782669","https://openalex.org/W2060841334","https://openalex.org/W2099111195","https://openalex.org/W2129568515","https://openalex.org/W2140911775","https://openalex.org/W2142016203","https://openalex.org/W2146531590","https://openalex.org/W2150996947","https://openalex.org/W2157510479","https://openalex.org/W2165582599","https://openalex.org/W2178225550","https://openalex.org/W4388323202"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W629735218","https://openalex.org/W142594403","https://openalex.org/W561774960","https://openalex.org/W953532172","https://openalex.org/W93801688","https://openalex.org/W2279960508","https://openalex.org/W73632165","https://openalex.org/W284343257","https://openalex.org/W2883486573","https://openalex.org/W2104790275","https://openalex.org/W319839033","https://openalex.org/W1575206187","https://openalex.org/W2247254118","https://openalex.org/W2063304356","https://openalex.org/W1604605214","https://openalex.org/W242133389","https://openalex.org/W189665781","https://openalex.org/W78378603","https://openalex.org/W201381224","https://openalex.org/W201875472"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Many":[0,114],"methods":[1],"for":[2],"causal":[3,12,47,72,118,125],"inference":[4],"generate":[5],"directed":[6,129],"acyclic":[7],"graphs":[8],"(DAGs)":[9],"that":[10,68,92],"formalize":[11],"relations":[13],"between":[14,107],"$n$":[15],"variables.":[16,43],"Given":[17],"the":[18,25,37,40,46,88,103,108,111,141,152],"joint":[19],"distribution":[20,38],"on":[21,33,52,143,157,164],"all":[22,28],"these":[23],"variables,":[24],"DAG":[26,86],"contains":[27],"information":[29,132],"about":[30],"how":[31,136],"intervening":[32],"one":[34,50,54],"variable":[35,51],"changes":[36],"of":[39,49,64,71,90,117,146,154],"other":[41,115],"$n-1$":[42],"However,":[44],"quantifying":[45],"influence":[48],"another":[53],"remains":[55],"a":[56,62,69,79,85],"nontrivial":[57],"question.":[58],"Here":[59],"we":[60,150],"propose":[61],"set":[63],"natural,":[65],"intuitive":[66],"postulates":[67,142],"measure":[70,156],"strength":[73,100,119],"should":[74],"satisfy.":[75],"We":[76,134],"then":[77,102],"introduce":[78],"communication":[80],"scenario,":[81],"where":[82],"edges":[83],"in":[84],"play":[87],"role":[89],"channels":[91],"can":[93],"be":[94],"locally":[95],"corrupted":[96],"by":[97],"interventions.":[98],"Causal":[99],"is":[101],"relative":[104],"entropy":[105],"distance":[106],"old":[109],"and":[110,131],"new":[112],"distribution.":[113],"measures":[116],"have":[120],"been":[121],"proposed,":[122],"including":[123],"average":[124],"effect,":[126],"transfer":[127],"entropy,":[128],"information,":[130],"flow.":[133],"explain":[135],"they":[137],"fail":[138],"to":[139],"satisfy":[140],"simple":[144],"DAGs":[145],"$\\leq3$":[147],"nodes.":[148],"Finally,":[149],"investigate":[151],"behavior":[153],"our":[155,160],"time-series,":[158],"supporting":[159],"claims":[161],"with":[162],"experiments":[163],"simulated":[165],"data.":[166]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-22T18:32:59.640997","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}