{"id":"https://openalex.org/W561504595","doi":null,"title":"STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF VEHICLE TIME HEADWAYS","display_name":"STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF VEHICLE TIME HEADWAYS","publication_year":1996,"publication_date":"1996-05-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W561504595","mag":"561504595"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:aaltodoc.aalto.fi:123456789/2514","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/handle/123456789/2514","pdf_url":"https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/bitstreams/ca55dcdb-0a2f-47a0-9b70-ee06f07e7841/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401662","display_name":"Aaltodoc (Aalto University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","host_organization_name":"Aalto University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"G4 Monografiav\u00e4it\u00f6skirja"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/bitstreams/ca55dcdb-0a2f-47a0-9b70-ee06f07e7841/download","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051955255","display_name":"R.Tapio Luttinen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"R.Tapio Luttinen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5051955255"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":79,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10524","display_name":"Traffic control and management","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10524","display_name":"Traffic control and management","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.00279999990016222,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10698","display_name":"Transportation Planning and Optimization","score":0.0020000000949949026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/goodness-of-fit-tests","display_name":"goodness-of-fit tests","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/runs-test","display_name":"runs test","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/two-lane-two-way-roads","display_name":"two-lane two-way roads","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service-level","display_name":"level of service","score":0.5320000052452087}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779240695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4383682","display_name":"Headway","level":2,"score":0.7523406744003296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207512268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3074551","display_name":"Traffic flow (computer networking)","level":2,"score":0.5771846771240234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776983907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q800159","display_name":"Highway Capacity Manual","level":3,"score":0.5416330695152283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114289077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3284399","display_name":"Statistical model","level":2,"score":0.5402491092681885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986587452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938438","display_name":"Statistical analysis","level":2,"score":0.4565753936767578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132480984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2034239","display_name":"Goodness of fit","level":2,"score":0.4158826470375061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.39263904094696045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.39181745052337646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.39084041118621826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.3327407240867615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58037377","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q92785211","display_name":"Level of service","level":2,"score":0.29385945200920105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.1476624310016632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10908663272857666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:aaltodoc.aalto.fi:123456789/2514","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/handle/123456789/2514","pdf_url":"https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/bitstreams/ca55dcdb-0a2f-47a0-9b70-ee06f07e7841/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401662","display_name":"Aaltodoc (Aalto University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","host_organization_name":"Aalto University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"G4 Monografiav\u00e4it\u00f6skirja"},{"id":"mag:561504595","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://lib.tkk.fi/Diss/199X/isbn951228474X/isbn951228474X.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:aaltodoc.aalto.fi:123456789/2514","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/handle/123456789/2514","pdf_url":"https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/bitstreams/ca55dcdb-0a2f-47a0-9b70-ee06f07e7841/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401662","display_name":"Aaltodoc (Aalto University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","host_organization_name":"Aalto University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"G4 Monografiav\u00e4it\u00f6skirja"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.5142999887466431,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W561504595.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W561504595.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":96,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W142580","https://openalex.org/W25650115","https://openalex.org/W32452329","https://openalex.org/W114148695","https://openalex.org/W341855429","https://openalex.org/W575171802","https://openalex.org/W592669554","https://openalex.org/W596733723","https://openalex.org/W602025302","https://openalex.org/W602845514","https://openalex.org/W614409205","https://openalex.org/W622439538","https://openalex.org/W627533957","https://openalex.org/W651898639","https://openalex.org/W651902468","https://openalex.org/W656612557","https://openalex.org/W769687178","https://openalex.org/W808023980","https://openalex.org/W854393791","https://openalex.org/W1278875237","https://openalex.org/W1495978105","https://openalex.org/W1503135066","https://openalex.org/W1533179050","https://openalex.org/W1552935635","https://openalex.org/W1565693361","https://openalex.org/W1601373258","https://openalex.org/W1905889174","https://openalex.org/W1944794651","https://openalex.org/W1964934442","https://openalex.org/W1973429805","https://openalex.org/W1983791554","https://openalex.org/W1989150607","https://openalex.org/W1990701202","https://openalex.org/W1991567646","https://openalex.org/W1992580876","https://openalex.org/W1995945562","https://openalex.org/W1996160600","https://openalex.org/W1996268784","https://openalex.org/W1998273000","https://openalex.org/W1999205265","https://openalex.org/W2007729786","https://openalex.org/W2008685572","https://openalex.org/W2010498567","https://openalex.org/W2016522586","https://openalex.org/W2022261649","https://openalex.org/W2023760340","https://openalex.org/W2036715505","https://openalex.org/W2039486340","https://openalex.org/W2045650933","https://openalex.org/W2046213508","https://openalex.org/W2047688790","https://openalex.org/W2052197092","https://openalex.org/W2055289026","https://openalex.org/W2059115556","https://openalex.org/W2066224491","https://openalex.org/W2067244657","https://openalex.org/W2078730304","https://openalex.org/W2082692576","https://openalex.org/W2083794320","https://openalex.org/W2084719311","https://openalex.org/W2085600399","https://openalex.org/W2085603419","https://openalex.org/W2091255616","https://openalex.org/W2097462489","https://openalex.org/W2104016842","https://openalex.org/W2106488555","https://openalex.org/W2109567225","https://openalex.org/W2122113414","https://openalex.org/W2124298315","https://openalex.org/W2129905273","https://openalex.org/W2135836044","https://openalex.org/W2140971281","https://openalex.org/W2157005274","https://openalex.org/W2166396059","https://openalex.org/W2169266163","https://openalex.org/W2187282498","https://openalex.org/W2233575104","https://openalex.org/W2261821937","https://openalex.org/W2313039720","https://openalex.org/W2322480561","https://openalex.org/W2337404523","https://openalex.org/W2516950796","https://openalex.org/W2564393893","https://openalex.org/W2581485056","https://openalex.org/W2583032215","https://openalex.org/W2615509299","https://openalex.org/W2764937720","https://openalex.org/W2791279190","https://openalex.org/W2796700885","https://openalex.org/W2797964339","https://openalex.org/W2798149538","https://openalex.org/W2799737131","https://openalex.org/W2905301636","https://openalex.org/W3119264854","https://openalex.org/W3133768423","https://openalex.org/W3146145917"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W769687178","https://openalex.org/W791637230","https://openalex.org/W592669554","https://openalex.org/W2609270670","https://openalex.org/W7084387561","https://openalex.org/W599585022","https://openalex.org/W201779602","https://openalex.org/W653605305","https://openalex.org/W77681463","https://openalex.org/W2562881782"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,27,97,134,158,194,209,216,280,310,325,353,374],"properties":[1,165],"of":[2,18,29,39,68,139,149,166,179,227,272,285,296,306,335,355,398,407,428,482,494],"vehicle":[3,50,62,69,474,495],"time":[4,40,63,70,345,475],"headways":[5,41,71,357,496],"are":[6,170,200,230,235,255,300],"fundamental":[7],"in":[8,42,52,75,173,183,241,275,385,491],"many":[9],"traffic":[10,32,45,53,339,387],"engineering":[11],"applications,":[12],"such":[13],"as":[14,240],"capacity":[15],"and":[16,25,90,127,151,155,204,288,365,423,469,477],"level":[17],"service":[19],"studies":[20,186],"on":[21,36,59,262,320],"highways,":[22],"unsignalized":[23],"intersections,":[24],"roundabouts.":[26],"operation":[28],"modern":[30],"vehicle-actuated":[31],"signals":[33],"is":[34,56,120,212,292,329,391,485],"based":[35,58,261,319],"the":[37,43,49,124,137,140,144,147,152,156,167,180,184,189,201,205,225,228,233,238,245,270,289,304,333,369,378,409,413,417,420,424,431,434,437,480,488,492,502],"measurement":[38],"arriving":[44],"flow.":[46],"In":[47,433],"addition,":[48],"generation":[51],"flow":[54],"simulation":[55],"usually":[57,283],"some":[60],"theoretical":[61,132,176,273,401],"headway":[64,88,125,177,185,243,281,346],"model.\\n\\nThe":[65],"statistical":[66,94,471,489],"analysis":[67,397,493],"has":[72,81,187,268],"been":[73,82,101,114,188,269],"inadequate":[74],"three":[76],"important":[77],"aspects:":[78],"1)":[79,309],"There":[80],"no":[83],"standard":[84],"procedure":[85],"to":[86,91,122,128,302,331,344,457,467,478],"collect":[87],"data":[89,111,126,282,347],"describe":[92,123,332],"their":[93],"properties.":[95],"2)":[96,324],"goodness-of-fit":[98,192,259,366],"tests":[99,199,260,364,367],"have":[100,112],"either":[102],"powerless":[103],"or":[104],"infeasible.":[105],"3)":[106],"Test":[107],"results":[108,375],"from":[109,237,348],"multi-sample":[110,278,307],"not":[113,213,382],"combined":[115,311,336],"properly.\\n\\nA":[116],"four-stage":[117,159],"identification":[118,160],"process":[119,135,161],"suggested":[121],"compare":[129],"it":[130],"with":[131,277],"distributions.":[133],"includes":[136],"estimation":[138,436],"probability":[141,312,318,327],"density":[142],"function,":[143,146],"hazard":[145],"coefficient":[148],"variation,":[150],"squared":[153],"skewness":[154],"kurtosis.":[157],"effectively":[162],"describes":[163],"those":[164],"distribution":[168,229,422],"that":[169,377,487],"most":[171,196],"helpful":[172],"selecting":[174],"a":[175,315,395,446,450,464],"model.\\n\\nOne":[178],"major":[181],"problems":[182,254],"method":[190,313,328,440,454],"for":[191,368,405,473],"tests.":[193,323,432],"two":[195],"commonly":[197],"used":[198,330],"chi-square":[202,210],"test":[203,211,219,248,479],"nonparametric":[206,217,246],"Kolmogorov-Smirnov":[207,218,247],"test.":[208],"very":[214],"powerful.":[215],"should":[220,381,497],"be":[221,383,498],"applied":[222,343],"only,":[223],"when":[224],"parameters":[226,234],"known.":[231],"If":[232],"estimated":[236],"data,":[239],"typical":[242],"studies,":[244],"gives":[249,314],"too":[250],"conservative":[251],"results.":[252],"These":[253],"addressed":[256],"by":[257,394],"parametric":[258],"Monte":[263],"Carlo":[264],"methods.\\n\\nAnother":[265],"great":[266],"problem":[267],"lack":[271],"foundation":[274,466],"dealing":[276],"data.":[279],"consist":[284],"several":[286,321],"samples,":[287],"null":[290],"hypothesis":[291,380],"tested":[293,359,404],"against":[294,338],"each":[295],"them.":[297],"Two":[298],"methods":[299,341,490],"presented":[301,504],"strengthen":[303],"evidence":[305],"tests:":[308],"single":[316],"significance":[317],"independent":[322],"moving":[326],"variation":[334],"probabilities":[337],"volume.\\n\\nThese":[340],"were":[342,403],"Finnish":[349],"two-lane":[350],"two-way":[351],"roads.":[352],"independence":[354],"consecutive":[356],"was":[358,441,455],"using":[360],"autocorrelation":[361],"analysis,":[362],"runs":[363],"geometric":[370],"bunch":[371],"size":[372],"distribution.":[373,426],"indicate":[376],"renewal":[379],"accepted":[384],"all":[386],"situations.":[388],"This":[389],"conclusion":[390],"partly":[392],"supported":[393],"further":[396],"previous":[399],"studies.\\n\\nFive":[400],"distributions":[402,444],"goodness":[406,481],"fit:":[408],"negative":[410],"exponential":[411,415],"distribution,":[412,416,419],"shifted":[414],"gamma":[418],"lognormal":[421],"semi-Poisson":[425],"None":[427],"these":[429],"passed":[430],"parameter":[435],"maximum":[438,452],"likelihood":[439,453],"preferred.":[442],"For":[443],"having":[445],"location":[447],"(threshold)":[448],"parameter,":[449],"modified":[451],"shown":[456,486],"give":[458,463],"good":[459],"estimates.\\n\\nThe":[460],"proposed":[461],"procedures":[462],"scientific":[465],"identify":[468],"estimate":[470],"models":[472],"headways,":[476],"fit.":[483],"It":[484],"thoroughly":[499],"revised":[500],"following":[501],"guidelines":[503],"here.":[505]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
