{"id":"https://openalex.org/W56143133","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1123792","title":"The Ossification of American Labor Law","display_name":"The Ossification of American Labor Law","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W56143133","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1123792","mag":"56143133"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/1123792","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1123792","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1123792","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183770981","display_name":"Columbia Law Review","issn_l":"0010-1958","issn":["0010-1958","1945-2268"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-3","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316727","host_organization_name":"Columbia Law School","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316727","https://openalex.org/P4310316010"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Columbia Law School","Columbia University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Columbia Law Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046619278","display_name":"Cynthia Estlund","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Cynthia L. Estlund","raw_affiliation_strings":["New York University School of Law#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New York University School of Law#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5046619278"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.2312,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":128,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96061885,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"102","issue":"6","first_page":"1527","last_page":"1527"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13088","display_name":"Legal and Labor Studies","score":0.5669000148773193,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1410","display_name":"Industrial relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13088","display_name":"Legal and Labor Studies","score":0.5669000148773193,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1410","display_name":"Industrial relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11421","display_name":"Labor Movements and Unions","score":0.21140000224113464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3321","display_name":"Public Administration"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14003","display_name":"Labor Law and Work Dynamics","score":0.21040000021457672,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collective-bargaining","display_name":"collective bargaining","score":0.7670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collective-representations","display_name":"collective representations","score":0.9570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/national-labor-relations-act","display_name":"National Labor Relations Act","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/national-labor-relations-board","display_name":"National Labor Relations Board","score":0.9399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labour-law-reform","display_name":"labor law reform","score":0.7730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/congressional-gridlock","display_name":"congressional gridlock","score":0.7089999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/judicial-interpretation","display_name":"judicial interpretation","score":0.5839999914169312}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80984254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q608190","display_name":"Labor relations","level":2,"score":0.530147910118103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97460637","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q468489","display_name":"Plaintiff","level":2,"score":0.5205482244491577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4863172471523285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.4752254784107208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776211767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117850","display_name":"Doctrine","level":2,"score":0.4520809054374695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.4453738331794739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776665811","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q452421","display_name":"Collective bargaining","level":2,"score":0.4291345179080963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.315641850233078}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/1123792","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1123792","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1123792","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183770981","display_name":"Columbia Law Review","issn_l":"0010-1958","issn":["0010-1958","1945-2268"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-3","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316727","host_organization_name":"Columbia Law School","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316727","https://openalex.org/P4310316010"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Columbia Law School","Columbia University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Columbia Law Review","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.8999999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"},{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.5263000130653381,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.5899999737739563,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2071294812","https://openalex.org/W3121571870","https://openalex.org/W127981304","https://openalex.org/W4391821863","https://openalex.org/W7110602869","https://openalex.org/W4376854574","https://openalex.org/W4246669180","https://openalex.org/W7171628529","https://openalex.org/W2276449478","https://openalex.org/W4392139881"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"argues":[2],"that":[3,206,237,284],"the":[4,11,24,84,105,121,128,132,139,146,157,170,176,182,194,197,200,211,214,223,252,268,271,281],"ineffectuality":[5],"of":[6,14,60,63,78,124,159,196,203,235,245,254,267,273],"American":[7],"labor":[8,106,183,274],"law":[9,107,275],"and":[10,17,39,41,45,52,67,127,131,143,163,199],"shrinking":[12],"scope":[13],"collective":[15,18],"representation":[16],"bargaining":[19],"are":[20,65,248],"partly":[21],"traceable":[22],"to":[23,28,47,80,98,185,218,231,261],"law's":[25],"ossification":[64,255,272],"-":[27,175,188],"its":[29],"having":[30],"been":[31,90,111,240],"essentially":[32],"sealed":[33],"off":[34,114],"both":[35],"from":[36,42,115,120,138,141,156,164],"democratic":[37],"revision":[38],"renewal":[40],"local":[43,149],"experimentation":[44,144],"innovation":[46],"a":[48,54],"remarkably":[49,55],"complete":[50],"extent":[51],"for":[53,93,180,225],"long":[56],"time.":[57],"The":[58],"elements":[59],"this":[61],"process":[62,253],"various":[66],"familiar;":[68],"yet,":[69],"once":[70],"assembled,":[71],"they":[72,134],"make":[73],"up":[74,209],"an":[75,99],"impressive":[76],"set":[77],"barriers":[79],"innovation.":[81],"Most":[82],"obviously,":[83],"National":[85,171],"Labor":[86,172],"Relations":[87,173],"Act":[88],"has":[89,109,207],"virtually":[91],"unamendable":[92],"over":[94,210],"forty":[95],"years":[96],"due":[97],"exceptionally":[100],"durable":[101],"congressional":[102],"deadlock.":[103],"But":[104],"scheme":[108],"also":[110,229],"effectively":[112],"cut":[113],"market-driven":[116],"competition":[117],"by":[118,151,193,251],"employers;":[119],"entrepreneurial":[122],"energies":[123],"individual":[125],"plaintiffs":[126],"plaintiff's":[129],"bar,":[130],"creativity":[133],"can":[135],"sometimes":[136],"coax":[137],"courts;":[140],"variation":[142],"at":[145],"state":[147],"or":[148,153],"level":[150],"representative":[152],"judicial":[154,204],"bodies;":[155],"winds":[158],"changing":[160],"constitutional":[161],"doctrine;":[162],"emerging":[165],"transnational":[166],"legal":[167,289],"norms.":[168],"Finally,":[169],"Board":[174],"designated":[177],"institutional":[178],"vehicle":[179],"adjusting":[181],"laws":[184],"modern":[186],"conditions":[187],"is":[189],"increasingly":[190],"hemmed":[191],"in":[192,279],"age":[195],"text":[198],"large":[201],"body":[202],"interpretations":[205],"grown":[208],"years.":[212],"While":[213],"argument":[215],"may":[216,228,276,285],"seem":[217],"counsel":[219],"only":[220],"pessimism":[221],"about":[222],"prospects":[224],"reform,":[226],"it":[227],"help":[230],"identify":[232],"potential":[233],"pathways":[234,247],"change":[236],"have":[238],"not":[239],"fully":[241],"appreciated.":[242],"Indeed,":[243],"some":[244],"those":[246],"being":[249],"paved":[250],"itself.":[256],"By":[257],"impelling":[258],"private":[259],"parties":[260],"find":[262],"their":[263],"own":[264],"paths":[265],"outside":[266],"existing":[269],"regime,":[270],"be":[277],"setting":[278],"motion":[280],"very":[282],"forces":[283],"eventually":[286],"lead":[287],"toward":[288],"change.":[290]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
