{"id":"https://openalex.org/W55840407","doi":null,"title":"The New and Old Electoral Connection: Earmarks and Pork Barrel Politics","display_name":"The New and Old Electoral Connection: Earmarks and Pork Barrel Politics","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-04-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W55840407","mag":"55840407"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:55840407","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/9/7/7/4/p197742_index.html","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073764291","display_name":"Kenneth N. Bickers","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kenneth N. Bickers","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007692443","display_name":"Diana Evans","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Diana Evans","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088909678","display_name":"Robert M. Stein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9586-380X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9586-380X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert M. Stein","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049987193","display_name":"Robert D. Wrinkle","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert D. Wrinkle","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0163314,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"51"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12225","display_name":"Political Influence and Corporate Strategies","score":0.40230000019073486,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12225","display_name":"Political Influence and Corporate Strategies","score":0.40230000019073486,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10108","display_name":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","score":0.4016000032424927,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11621","display_name":"Fiscal Policies and Political Economy","score":0.13459999859333038,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/earmarking","display_name":"earmarks","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pork-barrel-politics","display_name":"pork barrel politics","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/congressional-spending","display_name":"congressional spending","score":0.421999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parliamentary-elections","display_name":"parliamentary elections","score":0.35899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/campaign-contributions","display_name":"campaign contributions","score":0.3869999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-connections","display_name":"political connections","score":0.3050000071525574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172227984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1400397","display_name":"Barrel (horology)","level":2,"score":0.7033218145370483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.6746071577072144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13355873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920850","display_name":"Connection (principal bundle)","level":2,"score":0.596416175365448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3836478590965271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.18948256969451904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10399261116981506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.09236672520637512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.07875236868858337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0746101438999176}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:55840407","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/9/7/7/4/p197742_index.html","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7297000288963318,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2114155616","https://openalex.org/W2071928069","https://openalex.org/W2604431733","https://openalex.org/W2330571253","https://openalex.org/W2605068701","https://openalex.org/W3117277808","https://openalex.org/W2249287000","https://openalex.org/W2153917610","https://openalex.org/W2016268862","https://openalex.org/W2322850301","https://openalex.org/W2978041405","https://openalex.org/W2599245579","https://openalex.org/W1586877749","https://openalex.org/W2039074508","https://openalex.org/W3008548516","https://openalex.org/W2974905107","https://openalex.org/W35560551","https://openalex.org/W746580197","https://openalex.org/W2944417535","https://openalex.org/W3015390168"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T04:12:42.849631","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}