{"id":"https://openalex.org/W55455346","doi":null,"title":"The Effects of Active Shooter Resilience Training Programs on College Students' Perceptions of Personal Safety","display_name":"The Effects of Active Shooter Resilience Training Programs on College Students' Perceptions of Personal Safety","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W55455346","mag":"55455346"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.liberty.edu:doctoral-1871","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/doctoral/826","pdf_url":"https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1871&context=doctoral","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400581","display_name":"Digital Commons (Liberty University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67789559","host_organization_name":"Liberty University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67789559"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Doctoral Dissertations and Projects","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1871&context=doctoral","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014129514","display_name":"George Matthew Snyder","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"George Matthew Snyder","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014129514"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3968,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65677577,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12265","display_name":"Gun Ownership and Violence Research","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12265","display_name":"Gun Ownership and Violence Research","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14203","display_name":"Education, Safety, and Science Studies","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10994","display_name":"Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/college-students","display_name":"university students","score":0.7429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/targeted-violence","display_name":"targeted violence","score":0.6940000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resilience","display_name":"resilience","score":0.4740000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fear-of-violence","display_name":"fear of violence","score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-safety-education","display_name":"student safety education","score":0.4399999976158142}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779585090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.6383446455001831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.6093745827674866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.6037741899490356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.5996875166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5755041241645813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.49244222044944763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.19000789523124695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.08845964074134827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.liberty.edu:doctoral-1871","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/doctoral/826","pdf_url":"https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1871&context=doctoral","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400581","display_name":"Digital Commons (Liberty University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67789559","host_organization_name":"Liberty University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67789559"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Doctoral Dissertations and Projects","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:55455346","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1871&context=doctoral","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.liberty.edu:doctoral-1871","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/doctoral/826","pdf_url":"https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1871&context=doctoral","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400581","display_name":"Digital Commons (Liberty University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67789559","host_organization_name":"Liberty University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67789559"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Doctoral Dissertations and Projects","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality education","score":0.8278999924659729,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"},{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.8048999905586243,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W55455346.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W55455346.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W24985267","https://openalex.org/W81768076","https://openalex.org/W103404623","https://openalex.org/W196952075","https://openalex.org/W240388410","https://openalex.org/W1505220301","https://openalex.org/W1556057683","https://openalex.org/W1559767671","https://openalex.org/W1582458506","https://openalex.org/W1592151292","https://openalex.org/W1699015725","https://openalex.org/W1775472615","https://openalex.org/W1812889266","https://openalex.org/W1902627746","https://openalex.org/W1975950546","https://openalex.org/W1982186757","https://openalex.org/W1986808492","https://openalex.org/W1987566732","https://openalex.org/W1988383852","https://openalex.org/W1992303447","https://openalex.org/W1996620918","https://openalex.org/W2044318047","https://openalex.org/W2048935698","https://openalex.org/W2049714767","https://openalex.org/W2051262164","https://openalex.org/W2056569531","https://openalex.org/W2057017838","https://openalex.org/W2070471431","https://openalex.org/W2081321592","https://openalex.org/W2089062762","https://openalex.org/W2091386310","https://openalex.org/W2104264329","https://openalex.org/W2106191984","https://openalex.org/W2107721179","https://openalex.org/W2111354508","https://openalex.org/W2121544080","https://openalex.org/W2126400437","https://openalex.org/W2131686863","https://openalex.org/W2135496634","https://openalex.org/W2138386993","https://openalex.org/W2147829016","https://openalex.org/W2149863573","https://openalex.org/W2161518420","https://openalex.org/W2163980547","https://openalex.org/W2186925431","https://openalex.org/W2322584079","https://openalex.org/W2492875206","https://openalex.org/W2508791437","https://openalex.org/W2599293262","https://openalex.org/W2899286854","https://openalex.org/W2906741441","https://openalex.org/W2953850494","https://openalex.org/W2992310866","https://openalex.org/W3122023340","https://openalex.org/W3140008237"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7095422057","https://openalex.org/W3137275619","https://openalex.org/W2337635688","https://openalex.org/W4408676062","https://openalex.org/W2956331072","https://openalex.org/W2894624434","https://openalex.org/W7042516177","https://openalex.org/W2885090616","https://openalex.org/W2475149009","https://openalex.org/W2957841264"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,98,141,159],"effects":[1],"of":[2,12,40,61,101,108,133,143,164,220],"active":[3,64,75,147,181],"shooter":[4,65,76,148,182],"resilience":[5,66,77,149,161],"training":[6,67,78,85,94,120,150,167,201],"programs":[7,151,168,202,211],"on":[8],"university":[9,50],"students'":[10,106],"perceptions":[11],"personal":[13,109],"safety":[14,110,197],"should":[15],"be":[16],"understood":[17],"through":[18],"evidenced-based":[19],"research.":[20,158],"A":[21,37],"quasi-experimental":[22],"post-test":[23],"only":[24],"control-group":[25],"design":[26],"study":[27],"was":[28,122],"conducted":[29],"to":[30,124,199],"assess":[31],"this":[32,214],"potentially":[33],"lifesaving":[34],"educational":[35,191],"activity.":[36],"convenience":[38],"sample":[39],"136":[41],"randomly":[42],"assigned":[43],"undergraduate":[44],"students":[45],"at":[46,130,172],"a":[47,58,69,73,80,88,126,153,185],"large":[48],"private":[49,74],"participated":[51],"in":[52,129,156,213],"the":[53,96,134,165,173,210,218],"study.":[54],"One":[55],"group":[56,71,82,91],"completed":[57,72,83],"U.S.":[59],"Department":[60],"Homeland":[62],"Security":[63],"program,":[68,79],"second":[70],"third":[81],"both":[84],"programs,":[86],"and":[87,111,139,176,195],"fourth":[89],"control":[90],"received":[92],"no":[93],"before":[95],"assessment.":[97],"Student":[99],"Perception":[100],"Personal":[102],"Safety":[103],"Survey":[104],"measured":[105,135],"sense":[107],"self-preservation":[112],"response":[113],"strategies":[114],"associated":[115],"with":[116],"targeted":[117],"violence.":[118],"Each":[119],"program":[121],"found":[123],"have":[125],"positive":[127,160],"influence":[128,163],"least":[131],"one":[132],"variables":[136],"(safety,":[137],"fear,":[138],"resilience).":[140],"analysis":[142],"two":[144],"broadly":[145],"diffused":[146],"narrowed":[152],"considerable":[154],"gap":[155],"evidence-based":[157],"building":[162],"studied":[166],"merits":[169],"further":[170],"research":[171],"primary,":[174],"secondary,":[175],"higher":[177],"education":[178],"levels.":[179],"Persistent":[180],"events":[183],"suggest":[184],"need":[186],"for":[187],"greater":[188],"urgency":[189],"among":[190],"leaders,":[192],"policy":[193],"makers,":[194],"public":[196],"leaders":[198],"implement":[200],"that":[203],"build":[204],"resilience.":[205],"Effective":[206],"training,":[207],"such":[208],"as":[209],"examined":[212],"study,":[215],"may":[216],"limit":[217],"lethality":[219],"future":[221],"attacks.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-30T07:30:35.949966","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
