{"id":"https://openalex.org/W5358519","doi":null,"title":"Differential Memory Effects for Immediate and Delayed Feedback: A Delta Rule Explanation of Feedback Timing Effects.","display_name":"Differential Memory Effects for Immediate and Delayed Feedback: A Delta Rule Explanation of Feedback Timing Effects.","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W5358519","mag":"5358519"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:5358519","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED430550.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042295208","display_name":"Roy B. Clariana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9374-0064","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9374-0064"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Roy B. Clariana","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pennsylvania State Univ#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9374-0064","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pennsylvania State Univ#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042295208"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3318,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.51974764,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10918","display_name":"Memory Processes and Influences","score":0.451200008392334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10918","display_name":"Memory Processes and Influences","score":0.451200008392334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10959","display_name":"Student Assessment and Feedback","score":0.16599999368190765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11516","display_name":"Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes","score":0.1543000042438507,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/delta-rule","display_name":"delta rule","score":0.6729999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feedback-timing","display_name":"feedback timing","score":0.8140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immediate-feedback","display_name":"immediate feedback","score":0.9710000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/delayed-feedback","display_name":"delayed feedback","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/connectionism","display_name":"connectionism","score":0.6700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/associative-learning","display_name":"associative learning","score":0.6930000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-effects","display_name":"memory effects","score":0.4659999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/instructional-design","display_name":"instructional design","score":0.5580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feedback-frequency","display_name":"feedback frequency","score":0.4000000059604645}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8521452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203790","display_name":"Connectionism","level":3,"score":0.5813764333724976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5337461233139038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.36729735136032104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3464832305908203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.32958537340164185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2991020083427429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.1748213768005371}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:5358519","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED430550.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":1,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1535810436"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W246973250","https://openalex.org/W2060200642","https://openalex.org/W7097683987","https://openalex.org/W7096105430","https://openalex.org/W1969706202","https://openalex.org/W592253948","https://openalex.org/W7096456258","https://openalex.org/W7101050910","https://openalex.org/W2153963491","https://openalex.org/W6945118060"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,236,308,350,462,571],"paper":[1,109,351],"describes":[2,352,615],"the":[3,15,27,39,55,62,85,88,112,118,142,151,158,204,208,244,276,280,316,353,365,377,389,405,412,435,438,469,590,602,606,616,645,651,659,677,681,695,703,707,735,777,787,792,809],"possible":[4,354],"effects":[5,172,185,355,607],"of":[6,26,29,66,70,79,87,97,117,122,164,182,197,207,220,269,279,292,333,356,376,379,416,420,429,437,447,459,468,477,514,548,560,587,601,608,654,680,754,757,769,816],"feedback":[7,80,106,165,183,357,430,456,496,549,609],"on":[8,111,358,610],"learning":[9,359,633,646,690],"(associations)":[10,360],"using":[11,361],"a":[12,77,362,427,527,585,638,643,712,718,731,752,767],"connectionist":[13,119,363,508,588],"tool,":[14,364],"delta":[16,40,56,126,179,366,390,406,591,613],"rule.":[17,367],"Feedback":[18,368],"in":[19,24,232,304,338,369,374,526,618,667,694,700,715,720],"instruction":[20,370],"can":[21,154,371],"be":[22,155,372,558],"described":[23,83,373,433],"terms":[25,375],"interaction":[28,378],"stimulus":[30,380,704],"inputs":[31,381],"and":[32,50,64,131,134,138,175,217,223,289,295,382,400,414,494,531,535,564,627,674,706,802,804,813],"response":[33,383,661,709],"outputs,":[34,384],"an":[35,48,51,115,385,398,401,624,628,692,698],"associationist":[36,386,512],"perspective.":[37,387],"Here":[38,388],"rule":[41,57,127,180,391,407,490,592,614],"is":[42,58,81,392,408,431,599,644,650,658,671,676,691,738,783,811,818],"applied":[43,393],"to":[44,60,256,328,394,410,529,557,576,657,665,670,730,772],"each":[45,71,395,421,632],"instance":[46,396,749],"that":[47,90,93,153,397,440,443,604,748,791],"input":[49,399,625,655],"output":[52,402,629,682],"likely":[53,403],"interact;":[54,404],"used":[59,409],"describe":[61,411,532],"direction":[63,413],"magnitude":[65,415],"increase":[67,417,693,699],"or":[68,246,318,335,348,418],"inhibition":[69,419],"instance.":[72,422],"The":[73,95,108,423,445,612],"total":[74,424],"effect":[75,425],"for":[76,104,129,173,214,286,426,454,492,722,734],"type":[78],"then":[82,432],"by":[84,148,434],"combination":[86,436],"instances":[89,439],"make":[91,441],"up":[92,442],"type.":[94,444],"findings":[96,446],"this":[98,339,448,460,668],"investigation":[99,449],"may":[100,450],"provide":[101,451],"seminal":[102,452],"foundations":[103,453],"understanding":[105,455],"effects.":[107,457],"focuses":[110],"following":[113],"topics:":[114],"overview":[116],"approach;":[120],"implications":[121],"lesson":[123,478],"item":[124,479,672],"difficulty;":[125],"calculations":[128,140,491],"immediate":[130,174,493],"delayed":[132,176,495],"feedback;":[133],"implications.":[135],"Several":[136],"graphs":[137],"mathematical":[139,519],"illustrate":[141],"discussion.":[143],"(Author/AEF)":[144],"********************************************************************************":[145,161],"Reproductions":[146],"supplied":[147],"EDRS":[149],"are":[150,794],"best":[152],"made":[156,255,327],"from":[157,243,315],"original":[159],"document.":[160],"Mathematical":[162,546],"explanation":[163,181,547],".":[166,167,168,550,551,552],"1":[169],"Differential":[170],"memory":[171,533],"feedback:":[177],"A":[178,201,273],"timing":[184],"Abstract":[186],"Roy":[187],"B.":[188,260,487],"Clariana":[189,261,488],"(RClariana@psu.edu)":[190,262],"Penn":[191,263],"State":[192,264],"University;":[193,265],"Great":[194,266],"Valley":[195,267],"School":[196,268],"Graduate":[198,270],"Professional":[199,271],"Studies":[200,272],"Presentation":[202,274],"at":[203,275,631,747],"Annual":[205,277],"Convention":[206,278],"U.S.":[209,281],"DEPARTMENT":[210,282],"OF":[211,283],"EDUCATION":[212,284],"Association":[213,285],"Educational":[215,221,287,293],"Communications":[216,288],"Technology":[218,290],"Office":[219,291],"Research":[222,294],"Improvement":[224,296],"EDUCATIONAL":[225,297,500],"RESOURCES":[226,298,501],"INFORMATION":[227,299,502],"CENTER":[228,300,503],"(ERIC)":[229,301],"February,":[230,302],"1999":[231,303],"Houston,":[233,305],"TX":[234,306],"0":[235,250,307,322],"document":[237,309,340],"has":[238,310],"been":[239,254,311,326,555],"reproduced":[240,312],"as":[241,313,635],"received":[242,314],"person":[245,317],"organization":[247,319],"originating":[248,320],"it.":[249,321],"Minor":[251,323],"changes":[252,324],"have":[253,325,510,554,751,766],"improve":[257,329],"reproduction":[258,330],"quality.Roy":[259],"quality.":[331],"Points":[332],"view":[334],"opinions":[336],"stated":[337],"do":[341],"not":[342,784],"necessarily":[343],"represent":[344],"official":[345],"OERI":[346],"position":[347],"policy.":[349],"'type'":[428],"Focus":[458],"Paper":[461],"presentation":[463],"will":[464,750,779],"focus":[465],"on:":[466],"Overview":[467],"Connectionist":[470,505,516],"approach":[471,572],"PERMISSION":[472],"TO":[473,498],"REPRODUCE":[474],"THIS":[475],"Implications":[476,497],"difficulty":[480],"MATERIAL":[481],"HAS":[482],"BEEN":[483],"GRANTED":[484],"BY":[485],"R.":[486],"Delta":[489],"THE":[499],"(ERIC).":[504],"Approach":[506],"Recently,":[507],"investigations":[509],"revived":[511],"views":[513],"memory.":[515],"apply":[517],"various":[518],"rules":[520],"within":[521],"neural":[522,540],"network":[523],"computer":[524],"simulations":[525],"search":[528],"mimic":[530],"associations":[534],"learning.":[536,611],"For":[537,725],"example,":[538,726],"trained":[539],"nets":[541],"2":[542,553],"BEST":[543],"COPY":[544],"AVAILABLE":[545],"shown":[556],"capable":[559],"pattern":[561],"matching,":[562],"recognition,":[563],"classification":[565],"(Haberlandt,":[566],"1997)":[567],"among":[568],"other":[569],"things.":[570],"provides":[573],"additional":[574],"ways":[575],"understand":[577],"cognitive":[578],"activity":[579],"(McClelland":[580],"&":[581,596],"Rumelhart,":[582],"1985).":[583],"Among":[584],"number":[586],"rules,":[589],"(Shanks,":[593],"1995;":[594],"Widrow":[595],"Hoff,":[597],"1960)":[598],"one":[600],"simplest":[603],"include":[605],"change":[617],"association":[619,696,716],"weight,":[620],"termed":[621],"Aw,":[622],"between":[623,702,808],"unit":[626,630],"trial,":[634],"Awio":[636],"=":[637],"ain":[639,649],"(to":[640],"aotn),":[641],"where":[642],"rate":[647],"parameter,":[648],"activation":[652,678],"level":[653,679],"units,":[656],"desired":[660],"(the":[662],"t":[663],"refers":[664],"'teacher',":[666],"case":[669],"feedback),":[673],"aoot":[675],"units":[683],"(from":[684],"Shanks,":[685],"1995).":[686],"In":[687],"instructional":[688],"terms,":[689],"(e.g.,":[697,717],"Awio)":[701],"(ain)":[705],"correct":[708],"(aont),":[710],"with":[711],"relative":[713],"decrease":[714,719,780],"ANA%)":[721],"incorrect":[723],"responses.":[724],"suppose":[727],"you":[728],"move":[729],"new":[732,762,788],"city;":[733],"question":[736],"What":[737],"your":[739,743,761],"postal":[740],"zip":[741,745,763],"code?,":[742],"old":[744,778],"code":[746,764],"probability":[753,768],"being":[755],"recalled":[756],"say":[758],".53,":[759],"while":[760,786],"would":[765],".24":[770],"(refer":[771],"Figure":[773],"1).":[774],"Over":[775],"time,":[776],"(if":[781],"it":[782],"recollected)":[785],"increases.":[789],"Note":[790],"two":[793,810],"separate":[795],"but":[796],"probably":[797],"correlated":[798],"units.":[799],"Interference":[800],"(RI":[801],"PI)":[803],"also":[805],"retrieval":[806],"competition":[807],"likely,":[812],"so":[814],"context":[815],"recall":[817],"important.":[819]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-08T07:41:36.138363","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
