{"id":"https://openalex.org/W53544115","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7294-0_5","title":"The Escape Formula","display_name":"The Escape Formula","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W53544115","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7294-0_5","mag":"53544115"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-7294-0_5","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7294-0_5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7294-0_5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306463937","display_name":"Springer eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"War in the Body","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"volume":{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2487349496","display_name":"War in the Body"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073729996","display_name":"W. David Wick","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"W. David Wick","raw_affiliation_strings":["Seattle, Washington, USA","Seattle, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Seattle, Washington, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Seattle, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062526829","display_name":"Otto O. Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1970-8992","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1970-8992"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801272649","display_name":"Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04k3jt835","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799798094","https://openalex.org/I2801272649"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801403999","display_name":"UCLA Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04vq5kb54","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799798094","https://openalex.org/I2801403999"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Otto O. Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA","Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765","https://openalex.org/I2801272649","https://openalex.org/I2801403999"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765","https://openalex.org/I2801272649","https://openalex.org/I2801403999"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.01395349,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"65","last_page":"69"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10112","display_name":"HIV Research and Treatment","score":0.9550999999046326,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2406","display_name":"Virology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10112","display_name":"HIV Research and Treatment","score":0.9550999999046326,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2406","display_name":"Virology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11764","display_name":"Evolution and Genetic Dynamics","score":0.03689999878406525,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10482","display_name":"Mathematical and Theoretical Epidemiology and Ecology Models","score":0.005100000184029341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv","display_name":"HIV","score":0.7699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ctl-escape","display_name":"CTL escape","score":0.7329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cytotoxic-t-lymphocytes","display_name":"cytotoxic T lymphocytes","score":0.8579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immune-pressure","display_name":"immune pressure","score":0.7239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/viral-fitness","display_name":"viral fitness","score":0.9539999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fitness-landscape","display_name":"fitness landscape","score":0.6349999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/viral-evolution","display_name":"viral evolution","score":0.4959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/escape-rate","display_name":"escape rate","score":0.5289999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv-target-cells","display_name":"HIV target cells","score":0.32499998807907104}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91852762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3307742","display_name":"Fitness landscape","level":3,"score":0.5987498760223389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147969180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5014579","display_name":"CTL*","level":4,"score":0.5859572291374207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778311575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18534","display_name":"Metaphor","level":2,"score":0.5706152319908142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8891405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immune system","level":2,"score":0.5353719592094421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.5276792645454407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018558359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1660157","display_name":"Immune escape","level":3,"score":0.5170215368270874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.49566352367401123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.47896602749824524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3013748606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15787","display_name":"Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)","level":2,"score":0.478424608707428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70721500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005","display_name":"Computational biology","level":1,"score":0.36263519525527954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3140735626220703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.28970223665237427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.21651312708854675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.16466397047042847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.13391414284706116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.10417181253433228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167672396","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q417800","display_name":"CD8","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-7294-0_5","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7294-0_5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7294-0_5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306463937","display_name":"Springer eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"War in the Body","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2087484510","https://openalex.org/W2134589836","https://openalex.org/W2166329493"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3092676535","https://openalex.org/W2324120656","https://openalex.org/W1549922507","https://openalex.org/W1605884721","https://openalex.org/W1985728487","https://openalex.org/W2032919665","https://openalex.org/W2102262438","https://openalex.org/W2027917976","https://openalex.org/W1864390991","https://openalex.org/W2163339407"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-10T09:11:00.788812","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}