{"id":"https://openalex.org/W52238503","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2172/5117229","title":"Chemical composition of Antrim shale in the Michigan basin","display_name":"Chemical composition of Antrim shale in the Michigan basin","publication_year":1980,"publication_date":"1980-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W52238503","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2172/5117229","mag":"52238503"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2172/5117229","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2172/5117229","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2172/5117229","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Historical Energy Database (United States)","raw_type":"report"},"volume":null,"type":"report","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5117229","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055372726","display_name":"David G. Leddy","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. G. Leddy","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014555179","display_name":"Vernon R. Sandel","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"V. R. Sandel","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082861978","display_name":"Grace L. Swartz","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. L. Swartz","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"D. H. Kenny","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. H. Kenny","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048475797","display_name":"WILSON M. JUN. GULICK","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"W. M. Gulick","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058368309","display_name":"Hassan S. El Khadem","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. S. El Khadem","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10399","display_name":"Hydrocarbon exploration and reservoir analysis","score":0.9340999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10399","display_name":"Hydrocarbon exploration and reservoir analysis","score":0.9340999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12218","display_name":"Coal and Its By-products","score":0.0364999994635582,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1906","display_name":"Geochemistry and Petrology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11740","display_name":"Geochemistry and Elemental Analysis","score":0.02250000089406967,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1906","display_name":"Geochemistry and Petrology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antrim-shale","display_name":"Antrim Shale","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/michigan-basin","display_name":"Michigan Basin","score":0.8859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organic-carbon","display_name":"organic carbon","score":0.6539999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sulfur-content","display_name":"sulfur content","score":0.8809999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kerogen-structure","display_name":"kerogen structure","score":0.7549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/n-alkane-distribution","display_name":"n-alkane distribution","score":0.8790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vanadyl-porphyrins","display_name":"vanadyl porphyrins","score":0.9509999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/petroporphyrins","display_name":"petroporphyrins","score":0.9559999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trace-elements","display_name":"trace elements","score":0.6669999957084656}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153127940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221378","display_name":"Oil shale","level":2,"score":0.8519600629806519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779196632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938398","display_name":"Kerogen","level":4,"score":0.6921049356460571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.6292534470558167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518881349","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682","display_name":"Sulfur","level":2,"score":0.605894923210144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140205800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5860","display_name":"Carbon fibers","level":3,"score":0.595428466796875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158787203","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900291","display_name":"Total organic carbon","level":2,"score":0.5743642449378967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149849071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1263816","display_name":"Chemical composition","level":2,"score":0.53146892786026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780191791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171917","display_name":"Calcite","level":2,"score":0.5046659708023071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40231798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1333743","display_name":"Composition (language)","level":2,"score":0.49347078800201416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199289684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83353","display_name":"Mineralogy","level":1,"score":0.4885190725326538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778142098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15779","display_name":"Toluene","level":2,"score":0.4641519784927368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778422312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q421831","display_name":"Stibnite","level":4,"score":0.42262890934944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107872376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321355","display_name":"Environmental chemistry","level":1,"score":0.38840731978416443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3201293349266052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.21596795320510864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776062231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50769","display_name":"Pyrite","level":2,"score":0.21341434121131897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126559015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1988844","display_name":"Source rock","level":3,"score":0.16120779514312744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109007969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749565","display_name":"Structural basin","level":2,"score":0.12880641222000122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.09695017337799072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104779481","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50707","display_name":"Composite number","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776268066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105006","display_name":"Sphalerite","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2172/5117229","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2172/5117229","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2172/5117229","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Historical Energy Database (United States)","raw_type":"report"},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:5117229","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5117229","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:5117229","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5117229","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2138786243","https://openalex.org/W3201048728","https://openalex.org/W196524009","https://openalex.org/W3214710199","https://openalex.org/W2058915613","https://openalex.org/W1491229656","https://openalex.org/W2024219233","https://openalex.org/W2088614514","https://openalex.org/W7096703323","https://openalex.org/W2747297913"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"During":[0],"the":[1,19,24,69,73,82,122,127,133,139,142,182,188,191,198,211,214,220,232,237,251],"period":[2],"between":[3,126],"March":[4],"1977":[5],"and":[6,62,109,161,170,181,236],"July":[7],"1980":[8],"core":[9,108],"samples":[10,189],"from":[11,247,254],"28":[12],"different":[13],"wells":[14],"at":[15],"various":[16],"locations":[17],"in":[18,23,94,138,187,194,206],"Antrim":[20],"shale":[21,74,95,215],"deposit":[22],"Michigan":[25],"Basin":[26],"were":[27],"analyzed":[28],"for":[29],"Al,":[30],"SiO/sub":[31],"2/,":[32],"Fe,":[33],"Mg,":[34],"Ca,":[35],"Na,":[36],"S,":[37],"Pb,":[38],"Hg,":[39],"Ba,":[40],"Sb,":[41],"Sn,":[42],"Cd,":[43],"Ag,":[44],"Mo,":[45],"Sr,":[46],"Br,":[47],"As,":[48],"Zn,":[49],"Cu,":[50],"Ni,":[51],"Co,":[52],"Mn,":[53],"Cr,":[54],"V,":[55],"Sc,":[56],"Cl,":[57],"P,":[58],"F,":[59],"B,":[60],"Be,":[61],"Li.":[63],"The":[64,144,174,185,208,224,242],"geochemical":[65],"analysis":[66],"revealed":[67],"that":[68,78,121,124,136],"sulfur":[70],"content":[71],"of":[72,79,141,155,159,210,226,234,244],"varied":[75],"proportionately":[76],"with":[77,89,96,240],"carbon.":[80],"On":[81],"other":[83],"hand,":[84],"calcium":[85],"values":[86,101],"vary":[87,104],"inversely":[88],"organic":[90,98,115],"carbon":[91,116],"(lowest":[92],"calcite":[93],"highest":[97],"carbon).":[99],"Iron":[100],"do":[102],"not":[103],"greatly":[105],"within":[106],"a":[107,150],"show":[110],"no":[111],"tendency":[112],"to":[113,148,202,249],"follow":[114],"or":[117],"sulfur.":[118],"It":[119],"seems":[120],"relationships":[123],"exist":[125],"chemical":[128],"species":[129],"are":[130,166],"controlled":[131],"by":[132],"geological":[134],"events":[135],"resulted":[137],"formation":[140],"shale.":[143],"kerogen":[145],"was":[146,179],"found":[147],"be":[149],"crosslinked":[151],"polymeric":[152],"structure":[153],"consisting":[154],"roughly":[156],"equal":[157],"amounts":[158],"aromatic":[160,199],"aliphatic":[162],"carbons.":[163],"Functional":[164],"groups":[165],"few,":[167],"mainly":[168],"hydroxy":[169],"olefinic":[171],"double":[172],"bonds.":[173],"bitumen":[175],"(toluene":[176],"extractable":[177],"material)":[178],"fractionated":[180],"fractions":[183,200],"identified.":[184],"paraffins":[186],"had":[190],"same":[192],"constituents":[193],"differing":[195],"concentrations":[196],"while":[197],"appear":[201],"have":[203],"significant":[204],"differences":[205],"composition.":[207],"distribution":[209],"n-alkanes":[212],"indicates":[213],"is":[216,229],"more":[217],"mature":[218],"than":[219,231],"Green":[221],"River":[222],"shales.":[223,257],"amount":[225,233,252],"vanadyl":[227],"porphyrin":[228],"greater":[230],"nickel":[235],"ratio":[238],"increases":[239],"depth.":[241],"concentration":[243],"petroporphyrins":[245],"ranged":[246],"one-tenth":[248],"one-third":[250],"extracted":[253],"western":[255],"oil":[256]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}