{"id":"https://openalex.org/W51514869","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/039463200401700304","title":"Photodynamic Therapy Targeted to Pathogens","display_name":"Photodynamic Therapy Targeted to Pathogens","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W51514869","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/039463200401700304","mag":"51514869","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15461858","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3071683"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/039463200401700304","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/039463200401700304","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/039463200401700304","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199192407","display_name":"International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology","issn_l":"0394-6320","issn":["0394-6320","2058-7384"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W51514869"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3071683","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022227456","display_name":"Tatiana N. Demidova","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087915","display_name":"Massachusetts General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/002pd6e78","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915","https://openalex.org/I48633490"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T. N. Demidova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. 02114, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. 02114, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I4210087915"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001374433","display_name":"Michael Richard Hamblin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6431-4605","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6431-4605"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087915","display_name":"Massachusetts General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/002pd6e78","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915","https://openalex.org/I48633490"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. R. Hamblin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. 02114, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. 02114, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I4210087915"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2650},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8695,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":362,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70138889,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"3","first_page":"245","last_page":"254"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10957","display_name":"Photodynamic Therapy Research Studies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1306","display_name":"Cancer Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10957","display_name":"Photodynamic Therapy Research Studies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1306","display_name":"Cancer Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10593","display_name":"Bacterial biofilms and quorum sensing","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12526","display_name":"Antimicrobial agents and applications","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2402","display_name":"Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photodynamic-therapy","display_name":"photodynamic therapy","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photosensitizers","display_name":"photosensitizers","score":0.9480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antimicrobial-photodynamic-inactivation","display_name":"antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation","score":0.8560000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/targeted-drug-delivery","display_name":"targeted drug delivery","score":0.6179999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poly-l-lysine","display_name":"poly-L-lysine","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cationic-photosensitizers","display_name":"cationic photosensitizers","score":0.8399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gram-negative-bacteria","display_name":"Gram-negative bacteria","score":0.8899999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gram-positive-bacteria","display_name":"Gram-positive bacteria","score":0.7839999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wound-infection","display_name":"wound infection","score":0.5040000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/burn-wound-infection","display_name":"burn wound infection","score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-tissue-infection","display_name":"soft tissue infection","score":0.9350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abscess","display_name":"abscess","score":0.75},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sepsis","display_name":"sepsis","score":0.9509999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bioluminescent-bacteria","display_name":"bioluminescent bacteria","score":0.8730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wound-healing","display_name":"wound healing","score":0.5799999833106995}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781323092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1428072","display_name":"Photodynamic therapy","level":2,"score":0.9547221660614014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781469039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18388377","display_name":"Photosensitizer","level":2,"score":0.8227750658988953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4937899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q68541106","display_name":"Antimicrobial","level":2,"score":0.5913515686988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C523546767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10876","display_name":"Bacteria","level":2,"score":0.5315439701080322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992270614","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29548","display_name":"Membrane permeability","level":3,"score":0.5182978510856628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.4976189434528351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12554922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7100","display_name":"Biophysics","level":1,"score":0.45699140429496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89423630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193","display_name":"Microbiology","level":1,"score":0.41647329926490784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41625074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176088","display_name":"Membrane","level":2,"score":0.320488303899765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.2790185809135437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75473681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188651","display_name":"Photochemistry","level":1,"score":0.16334348917007446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.14933550357818604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001424","descriptor_name":"Bacterial Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007239","descriptor_name":"Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009369","descriptor_name":"Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010778","descriptor_name":"Photochemotherapy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016503","descriptor_name":"Drug Delivery Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/039463200401700304","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/039463200401700304","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/039463200401700304","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199192407","display_name":"International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology","issn_l":"0394-6320","issn":["0394-6320","2058-7384"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:15461858","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15461858","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International journal of immunopathology and pharmacology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2082833","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3071683","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:3071683","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3071683/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2082833","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3071683","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9476000070571899,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5379593156","display_name":"Photodynamic Therapy of Localized Infections","funder_award_id":"R01AI050875","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337355","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337355","display_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/043z4tv69"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W346650890","https://openalex.org/W1596848781","https://openalex.org/W1617920682","https://openalex.org/W1862362509","https://openalex.org/W1895129045","https://openalex.org/W1910991734","https://openalex.org/W1965496820","https://openalex.org/W1973863047","https://openalex.org/W1984538125","https://openalex.org/W1984899887","https://openalex.org/W1985316610","https://openalex.org/W1986057738","https://openalex.org/W1986063911","https://openalex.org/W1987622505","https://openalex.org/W1995798370","https://openalex.org/W1998861012","https://openalex.org/W2005817396","https://openalex.org/W2007700450","https://openalex.org/W2009143363","https://openalex.org/W2015370400","https://openalex.org/W2023460725","https://openalex.org/W2025674682","https://openalex.org/W2031720174","https://openalex.org/W2035511944","https://openalex.org/W2038308274","https://openalex.org/W2039346519","https://openalex.org/W2054496327","https://openalex.org/W2074848165","https://openalex.org/W2081207497","https://openalex.org/W2088380647","https://openalex.org/W2090701936","https://openalex.org/W2093456475","https://openalex.org/W2107124262","https://openalex.org/W2121870498","https://openalex.org/W2137465453","https://openalex.org/W2138813029","https://openalex.org/W2144630525","https://openalex.org/W2154969258","https://openalex.org/W2156408199","https://openalex.org/W2171021076","https://openalex.org/W2340433962","https://openalex.org/W2412540639","https://openalex.org/W2416937315","https://openalex.org/W2417722696","https://openalex.org/W3133924569","https://openalex.org/W3216919663","https://openalex.org/W4211024586","https://openalex.org/W4255738381"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2144630525","https://openalex.org/W2027839314","https://openalex.org/W1975320008","https://openalex.org/W2008740757","https://openalex.org/W2132621589","https://openalex.org/W2078868128","https://openalex.org/W2110610762","https://openalex.org/W2516361448","https://openalex.org/W2010425747","https://openalex.org/W2495784826"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Photodynamic":[0],"therapy":[1],"(PDT)":[2],"employs":[3],"a":[4,8,147,228],"non-toxic":[5],"dye":[6],"termed":[7],"photosensitizer":[9],"(PS)":[10],"together":[11],"with":[12],"low":[13],"intensity":[14],"visible":[15],"light,":[16],"which,":[17],"in":[18,37,237,256,264],"the":[19,39,46,50,68,108,117,120,125,164,175,193,203,206,232,252],"presence":[20],"of":[21,52,70,110,119,128,177,192,202,234,254],"oxygen,":[22],"produce":[23],"cytotoxic":[24],"species.":[25,106],"PS":[26,112,133,145,158,194,204],"can":[27,41,58,188],"be":[28,42,59,189],"targeted":[29],"to":[30,45,73,99,103,143,146,160,171,250,283],"its":[31],"destination":[32],"cell":[33],"or":[34,113],"tissue":[35,262],"and,":[36],"addition,":[38],"irradiation":[40],"spatially":[43],"confined":[44],"lesion":[47],"giving":[48],"PDT":[49,74,100,178,210,219,236,255],"advantage":[51,221],"dual":[53],"selectivity.":[54],"This":[55,154],"promising":[56],"approach":[57,141],"used":[60,245],"for":[61,124,182,195],"various":[62],"applications":[63],"including":[64],"microbial":[65],"inactivation":[66],"and":[67,79,161,209,217,240,260,273,285],"treatment":[69],"infections.":[71,184],"Resistance":[72],"has":[75],"not":[76],"been":[77],"shown":[78],"multiantibiotic-resistant":[80],"strains":[81],"are":[82,96,226],"as":[83,86,101,152],"easily":[84],"killed":[85],"naive":[87],"strains.":[88],"It":[89],"is":[90,142,179],"known":[91],"that":[92,115],"Gram":[93,104,129],"(+)":[94],"bacteria":[95,249,269],"more":[97],"sensitive":[98],"compared":[102],"(-)":[105,130],"However,":[107],"use":[109,176,233],"cationic":[111,148],"agents":[114],"increase":[116],"permeability":[118,168],"outer":[121],"membrane":[122],"allows":[123],"effective":[126],"killing":[127],"organisms.":[131],"Some":[132],"have":[134,244],"an":[135,220],"innate":[136],"positive":[137],"charge,":[138],"but":[139,276],"our":[140],"link":[144],"molecular":[149],"vehicle":[150],"such":[151],"poly-L-lysine.":[153],"modification":[155],"dramatically":[156],"increases":[157],"binding":[159],"penetrating":[162],"through":[163],"negatively":[165],"charged":[166],"bacterial":[167],"barrier.":[169],"Due":[170],"focused":[172],"light":[173],"delivery":[174,201],"possible":[180],"only":[181,227,267],"localized":[183],"Nonetheless":[185],"numerous":[186],"diseases":[187],"treated.":[190],"Selectivity":[191],"microbes":[196],"over":[197,222],"host":[198],"cells,":[199],"accurate":[200],"into":[205],"infected":[207,257],"area,":[208],"dose":[211],"adjustment":[212],"help":[213],"minimize":[214],"side":[215],"effects":[216],"give":[218],"conventional":[223],"therapy.":[224],"There":[225],"few":[229],"reports":[230],"about":[231],"antimicrobial":[235],"animal":[238],"models":[239],"clinical":[241],"trials.":[242],"We":[243],"genetically":[246],"modified":[247],"bioluminescent":[248],"follow":[251],"effect":[253],"wounds,":[258,271],"burns,":[259,272],"soft":[261],"infections":[263],"mice.":[265],"Not":[266],"were":[268,278],"infecting":[270],"abscesses":[274],"killed,":[275],"mice":[277],"saved":[279],"from":[280],"death":[281],"due":[282],"sepsis":[284],"wound":[286],"healing":[287],"was":[288],"improved.":[289]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":22}],"updated_date":"2026-11-13T13:42:25.865203","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}