{"id":"https://openalex.org/W5145003","doi":null,"title":"Vitamin A--functions, dietary requirements and safety in humans.","display_name":"Vitamin A--functions, dietary requirements and safety in humans.","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W5145003","mag":"5145003","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9129249"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:9129249","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9129249","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International journal for vitamin and nutrition research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitamin- und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal international de vitaminologie et de nutrition","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060334391","display_name":"HELGA GERSTER","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118019719","display_name":"F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG","ror":"https://ror.org/00by1q217","country_code":"CH","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118019719"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"H Gerster","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vitamin Research Department, F. Hoffman-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vitamin Research Department, F. Hoffman-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118019719"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5060334391"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118019719"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8853,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":129,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85743802,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"67","issue":"2","first_page":"71","last_page":"90"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11559","display_name":"Retinoids in leukemia and cellular processes","score":0.8920999765396118,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11559","display_name":"Retinoids in leukemia and cellular processes","score":0.8920999765396118,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10445","display_name":"Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress","score":0.07349999994039536,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2704","display_name":"Biochemistry (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13112","display_name":"Nutrition and Health Studies","score":0.013799999840557575,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vitamin-a","display_name":"vitamin A","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retinol","display_name":"retinol","score":0.6759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/provitamin-a-carotenoids","display_name":"provitamin A carotenoids","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recommended-dietary-allowances","display_name":"RDA","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vitamin-a-deficiency","display_name":"vitamin A deficiency","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vitamin-a-toxicity","display_name":"vitamin A toxicity","score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/teratogenicity","display_name":"teratogenicity","score":0.7990000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immune-function","display_name":"immune function","score":0.6800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gene-expression-regulation","display_name":"gene expression regulation","score":0.6480000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vitamin-a-supplementation","display_name":"vitamin A supplementation","score":0.671999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/xerophthalmia","display_name":"xerophthalmia","score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measles","display_name":"measles","score":0.4959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv-infection","display_name":"HIV infection","score":0.6150000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pregnant-women","display_name":"pregnant women","score":0.3700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lactating-women","display_name":"lactating women","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vitamin-a-status-assessment","display_name":"vitamin A status assessment","score":0.3869999945163727}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776940978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34956","display_name":"Vitamin","level":2,"score":0.7479450702667236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779573558","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424976","display_name":"Retinol","level":3,"score":0.704575777053833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778129702","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2655893","display_name":"Vitamin A deficiency","level":4,"score":0.5766169428825378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124490489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7936963","display_name":"Vitamin D and neurology","level":2,"score":0.49944639205932617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28781525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191907","display_name":"Carotenoid","level":2,"score":0.4876636266708374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8891405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immune system","level":2,"score":0.4707544445991516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42407357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q521","display_name":"Physiology","level":1,"score":0.46940529346466064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37281782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412867","display_name":"Dietary Reference Intake","level":3,"score":0.4674082100391388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781121885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q425517","display_name":"Retinoic acid","level":3,"score":0.4465493857860565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.44075697660446167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777621572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q139200","display_name":"Ergocalciferol","level":4,"score":0.4213002324104309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.4200300872325897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.3931727111339569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.37022697925567627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31903555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637030","display_name":"Food science","level":1,"score":0.2758168578147888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.2709215581417084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142796444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181394","display_name":"Nutrient","level":2,"score":0.23229196667671204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.20525279641151428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780106736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q139347","display_name":"Cholecalciferol","level":3,"score":0.199521005153656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D004032","descriptor_name":"Diet","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004341","descriptor_name":"Drug Evaluation","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009751","descriptor_name":"Nutritional Requirements","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014801","descriptor_name":"Vitamin A","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014801","descriptor_name":"Vitamin A","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014801","descriptor_name":"Vitamin A","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:9129249","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9129249","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International journal for vitamin and nutrition research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitamin- und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal international de vitaminologie et de nutrition","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"mag:5145003","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9129249","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9940000176429749},{"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","score":0.6875}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3118878468","https://openalex.org/W4240870886","https://openalex.org/W2398292728","https://openalex.org/W2582601507","https://openalex.org/W2153357857","https://openalex.org/W4254106068","https://openalex.org/W2056806684","https://openalex.org/W4393855503","https://openalex.org/W4388498575","https://openalex.org/W4389008555"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,114,333],"recent":[1],"years,":[2],"new":[3],"physiological":[4],"functions":[5,53],"of":[6,27,29,46,93,124,193,242,292,315,329,353,373],"vitamin":[7,65,94,109,125,187,286,340,374],"A":[8,69,95,110,126,188,195,287,341,375],"have":[9,169,266,299],"been":[10,227,267,301],"identified":[11],"in":[12,17,22,35,38,81,166,174,190,222,271,358,384],"addition":[13],"to":[14,56,96,136,138,177,244,256,311,367],"its":[15,20],"role":[16,21],"vision,":[18],"namely":[19],"immune":[23],"defence":[24],"reducing":[25,231],"morbidity":[26],"measles,":[28],"respiratory":[30],"and":[31,41,91,99,156,207,212,236,338,347,349,356,380],"possibly":[32],"HIV":[33],"infections,":[34],"gene":[36],"regulation,":[37],"cell":[39],"differentiation":[40],"morphogenesis.":[42],"With":[43],"the":[44,115,122,182,191,223,313,316,351,371],"discovery":[45],"nuclear":[47],"receptors":[48],"for":[49,64,144,149,160,201,370],"retinoic":[50],"acid":[51],"additional":[52],"are":[54,234,255,362],"likely":[55],"be":[57,77,238,257,297],"found.":[58],"The":[59,278],"recommended":[60,219],"dietary":[61,385],"allowances":[62],"(RDA)":[63],"A,":[66],"including":[67],"provitamin":[68,194],"carotenoids,":[70],"vary":[71],"greatly":[72],"between":[73],"countries.":[74],"This":[75],"may":[76,296],"explained":[78],"by":[79,303,365,377,381],"difficulties":[80],"establishing":[82],"needs:":[83],"Homeostatic":[84],"mechanisms":[85],"tightly":[86],"control":[87],"absorption,":[88],"storage,":[89],"release":[90],"transport":[92],"target":[97],"tissue,":[98],"plasma":[100],"concentrations":[101],"do":[102],"not":[103,263,300,323],"reflect":[104],"status":[105],"unless":[106],"there":[107],"is":[108,173,309,343],"deficiency":[111,342,376],"or":[112,189,197],"excess.":[113],"United":[116,224],"States":[117,225],"RDAs":[118],"were":[119,134],"established":[120],"on":[121],"basis":[123],"depletion-repletion":[127],"studies":[128,165],"with":[129,218,274],"radio-labelled":[130],"retinol.":[131],"Intake":[132],"requirements":[133],"calculated":[135],"amount":[137],"1,000":[139],"micrograms":[140,147,158,250,294,331],"retinol":[141],"equivalents":[142],"(RE)":[143],"men,":[145],"800":[146],"RE":[148,159,295],"non-pregnant":[150],"as":[151,153,185],"well":[152,268],"pregnant":[154],"women":[155,321],"1,300":[157],"lactating":[161],"women.":[162],"Dietary":[163],"intake":[164,220,328],"different":[167],"countries":[168,335],"shown":[170],"that":[171,285,320],"it":[172,308],"principle":[175],"possible":[176],"obtain":[178],"these":[179,232],"values":[180,221,247],"from":[181,281],"diet":[183],"either":[184],"preformed":[186],"form":[192],"carotenoids":[196],"both.":[198],"Risk":[199],"groups":[200,206],"inadequate":[202],"intakes":[203,241],"include":[204],"low-income":[205],"younger":[208],"persons":[209],"following":[210],"weight-reducing":[211],"other":[213,305],"unbalanced":[214],"diets.":[215],"Since":[216],"experience":[217],"has":[226],"excellent,":[228],"attempts":[229],"at":[230,289],"levels":[233],"unjustified":[235],"should":[237,322],"resisted.":[239],"At":[240],"up":[243],"three":[245],"RDA":[246],"(approximately":[248],"3,000":[249,330],"RE)":[251],"no":[252],"unwanted":[253],"side-effects":[254],"expected.":[258],"Even":[259],"higher":[260],"doses,":[261],"if":[262],"taken":[264,288],"chronically,":[265],"tolerated,":[269],"e.g.":[270],"deprived":[272],"populations":[273],"low":[275],"liver":[276],"reserves.":[277],"suggestion":[279],"derived":[280],"a":[282,325],"case-control":[283],"study":[284],"supplemental":[290],"doses":[291],"2,400":[293],"teratogenic":[298],"confirmed":[302],"several":[304],"studies.":[306],"But":[307],"judicious":[310],"follow":[312],"recommendations":[314],"American":[317],"Pediatric":[318],"Society":[319],"exceed":[324],"total":[326],"daily":[327],"RE.":[332],"developing":[334],"where":[336],"acute":[337],"chronic":[339],"endemic":[344],"causing":[345],"xerophthalmia":[346],"blindness":[348],"increasing":[350],"prevalence":[352],"infectious":[354],"diseases":[355],"death":[357],"children,":[359],"special":[360],"efforts":[361],"being":[363],"made":[364],"WHO/UNICEF":[366],"provide":[368],"programs":[369],"eradication":[372],"immediate":[378],"treatment":[379],"long-term":[382],"changes":[383],"practices.":[386]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}