{"id":"https://openalex.org/W51237493","doi":null,"title":"Apoptosis leads to photoreceptor degeneration in inherited retinal dystrophy of RCS rats.","display_name":"Apoptosis leads to photoreceptor degeneration in inherited retinal dystrophy of RCS rats.","publication_year":1994,"publication_date":"1994-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W51237493","mag":"51237493","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8188463"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:8188463","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8188463","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Investigative ophthalmology & visual science","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002110704","display_name":"M. O.M. Tso","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5891-5826","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5891-5826"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39422238","display_name":"University of Illinois Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/02mpq6x41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M O Tso","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, UIC Eye Center, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine 60612"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, UIC Eye Center, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine 60612","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055146373","display_name":"Congxiao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1008-908X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1008-908X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037818781","display_name":"Andrew S. Abler","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A S Abler","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043112315","display_name":"Ching\u2010Jin Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7129-8092","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7129-8092"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C J Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108527437","display_name":"Fulton Wong","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F Wong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"G Q Chang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G Q Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088990610","display_name":"Tim Tak Lam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2444-360X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2444-360X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T T Lam","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":19.1613,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":208,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99580084,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":"6","first_page":"2693","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10691","display_name":"Retinal Development and Disorders","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10691","display_name":"Retinal Development and Disorders","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10170","display_name":"Retinal Diseases and Treatments","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10294","display_name":"Cell death mechanisms and regulation","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/apoptosis","display_name":"apoptosis","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photoreceptor-degeneration","display_name":"photoreceptor degeneration","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inherited-retinal-disease","display_name":"inherited retinal disease","score":0.9459999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/royal-college-of-surgeons-rat","display_name":"Royal College of Surgeons rat","score":0.8579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retinal-pigment-epithelium","display_name":"retinal pigment epithelium","score":0.8259999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phagocytic-defects","display_name":"phagocytic defects","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dna-fragmentation","display_name":"DNA fragmentation","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tunel-assay","display_name":"TUNEL","score":0.7630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rod-photoreceptors","display_name":"rod photoreceptors","score":0.8040000200271606}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781040256","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7316761","display_name":"Retinal degeneration","level":3,"score":0.8213666677474976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778271344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903395","display_name":"Agarose gel electrophoresis","level":3,"score":0.7015968561172485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780827179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422001","display_name":"Retinal","level":2,"score":0.6771721839904785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780916184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q748049","display_name":"Photoreceptor cell","level":3,"score":0.6643093824386597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43759708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3749256","display_name":"DNA fragmentation","level":4,"score":0.635158121585846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196795494","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1624817","display_name":"TUNEL assay","level":3,"score":0.6319315433502197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190283241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14599311","display_name":"Apoptosis","level":2,"score":0.6277754306793213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777017193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4162411","display_name":"Dystrophy","level":2,"score":0.6198976039886475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.5562995076179504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777093970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169342","display_name":"Retina","level":2,"score":0.5551137924194336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177275483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7316769","display_name":"Retinal regeneration","level":3,"score":0.5311108231544495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776403814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27429789","display_name":"Macular degeneration","level":2,"score":0.4895992875099182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778024200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2346242","display_name":"Retinal pigment epithelium","level":3,"score":0.4760070741176605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778476535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q390697","display_name":"Agarose","level":2,"score":0.46004536747932434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153911025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7202","display_name":"Molecular biology","level":1,"score":0.45327767729759216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C552990157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7430","display_name":"DNA","level":2,"score":0.35593339800834656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31573885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q304484","display_name":"Programmed cell death","level":3,"score":0.28565657138824463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.2704222798347473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118487528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437","display_name":"Ophthalmology","level":1,"score":0.21947765350341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.16088071465492249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.14591467380523682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.050692856311798096}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002467","descriptor_name":"Cell Nucleus","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004247","descriptor_name":"DNA","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004249","descriptor_name":"DNA Damage","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004587","descriptor_name":"Electrophoresis, Agar Gel","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010786","descriptor_name":"Photoreceptor Cells","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011917","descriptor_name":"Rats, Inbred Lew","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011922","descriptor_name":"Rats, Mutant Strains","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012162","descriptor_name":"Retinal Degeneration","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012162","descriptor_name":"Retinal Degeneration","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016923","descriptor_name":"Cell Death","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017209","descriptor_name":"Apoptosis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D051381","descriptor_name":"Rats","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:8188463","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8188463","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Investigative ophthalmology & visual science","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"mag:51237493","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8188463","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.8371999859809875}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6132714760","display_name":"PATHOLOGY OF RETINAL DYSFUNCTION","funder_award_id":"R01EY001903","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337350","funder_display_name":"National Eye Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000857657","display_name":"P30 Core Grant for Vision Research","funder_award_id":"P30EY001792","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337350","funder_display_name":"National Eye Institute"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337350","display_name":"National Eye Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03wkg3b53"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2029171147","https://openalex.org/W2035825974","https://openalex.org/W2052853635","https://openalex.org/W2067072602","https://openalex.org/W2083062636","https://openalex.org/W2138302361","https://openalex.org/W2159895855"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2367727059","https://openalex.org/W2382156931","https://openalex.org/W2381595194","https://openalex.org/W100607652","https://openalex.org/W1964836954","https://openalex.org/W2351732346","https://openalex.org/W2621232798","https://openalex.org/W1657633297","https://openalex.org/W2015963628","https://openalex.org/W98762308"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"PURPOSE:":[0],"To":[1],"determine":[2],"the":[3,11,27,111,115,121,128,137,147,156,160],"pathogenetic":[4],"mechanism":[5,123],"of":[6,18,26,41,69,86,93,105,110,114,124,140,146,159],"photoreceptor":[7,106,125],"cell":[8],"degeneration":[9,126,148],"in":[10,15,51,56,127,136,155],"inherited":[12],"retinal":[13,42,70,112,141],"dystrophy":[14,113],"Royal":[16],"College":[17],"Surgeons":[19],"(RCS)":[20],"rats.":[21,117],"METHODS:":[22],"The":[23,144],"dystrophic":[24],"retinas":[25],"pink-eyed":[28],"RCS":[29,116,129],"(RCS-rdy-p)":[30],"rats":[31],"were":[32,63],"examined":[33],"for":[34],"DNA":[35,43,71],"fragmentation":[36],"by":[37,45],"agarose":[38],"gel":[39,67],"electrophoresis":[40,68],"and":[44,78],"TdT-mediated":[46],"biotin-dUDP":[47],"nick-end":[48],"labeling":[49,104],"(TUNEL)":[50],"paraffin":[52],"sections.":[53],"Rats":[54],"ranging":[55],"age":[57],"from":[58,73],"3":[59],"to":[60,91,95,150],"60":[61],"days":[62,80],"examined.":[64],"RESULTS:":[65],"Agarose":[66],"isolated":[72],"animals":[74],"25,":[75],"30,":[76],"35,":[77],"40":[79],"old":[81],"showed":[82,102],"a":[83,133],"ladder":[84],"pattern":[85],"degradation":[87],"with":[88,108],"bands":[89],"corresponding":[90],"multiples":[92],"180":[94],"200":[96],"base":[97],"pair":[98],"subunits.":[99],"TUNEL":[100],"study":[101],"increasing":[103],"cells":[107,154],"progression":[109],"CONCLUSIONS:":[118],"Apoptosis":[119],"is":[120],"dominant":[122],"rat,":[130],"which":[131],"has":[132],"genetic":[134],"defect":[135],"phagocytic":[138],"activity":[139],"pigment":[142],"epithelium.":[143],"onset":[145],"appeared":[149],"vary":[151],"between":[152],"rod":[153],"different":[157],"regions":[158],"eye.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
