{"id":"https://openalex.org/W50423550","doi":null,"title":"Human Rights Purposes of the Violence against Women Act and International Law's Enhancement of Congressional Power","display_name":"Human Rights Purposes of the Violence against Women Act and International Law's Enhancement of Congressional Power","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W50423550","mag":"50423550"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:50423550","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.hjil.org/articles/hjil-22-2-paust.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S72777760","display_name":"Houston journal of international law","issn_l":"0194-1879","issn":["0194-1879"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316851","host_organization_name":"University of Houston Law Center","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316851","https://openalex.org/P4310316362"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Houston Law Center","University of Houston"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Houston journal of international law","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013374804","display_name":"Jordan J. Paust","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jordan J. Paust","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013374804"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"2","first_page":"209","last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13942","display_name":"International Human Rights and Reproductive Law","score":0.3407999873161316,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13942","display_name":"International Human Rights and Reproductive Law","score":0.3407999873161316,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10749","display_name":"International Law and Human Rights","score":0.22059999406337738,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14259","display_name":"Legal Rights and Human Rights","score":0.13670000433921814,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/violence-against-women-act","display_name":"Violence Against Women Act","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-based-violence","display_name":"gender-based violence","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/women-s-human-rights","display_name":"women's human rights","score":0.8619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domestic-violence-against-women","display_name":"domestic violence against women","score":0.7570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/congressional-power","display_name":"congressional power","score":0.7839999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law-of-treaties","display_name":"treaty law","score":0.39100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/customary-international-law","display_name":"customary international law","score":0.9570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/declaration-on-the-elimination-of-violence-against-women","display_name":"Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women","score":0.8270000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-covenant-on-civil-and-political-rights","display_name":"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights","score":0.7789999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-covenant-on-economic-social-and-cultural-rights","display_name":"International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights","score":0.7490000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/commerce-clause","display_name":"Commerce Clause","score":0.4230000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/united-states-supreme-court","display_name":"United States Supreme Court","score":0.5659999847412109}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169437150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8458","display_name":"Human rights","level":2,"score":0.8006018400192261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.6984965801239014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86615163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1147615","display_name":"International human rights law","level":3,"score":0.6064055562019348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5432369709014893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95691615","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3237872","display_name":"Fundamental rights","level":3,"score":0.5249605178833008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542059537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156537","display_name":"Domestic violence","level":4,"score":0.5052841305732727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22299250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11917765","display_name":"Right to property","level":4,"score":0.48755210638046265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776154427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7755","display_name":"Constitution","level":2,"score":0.4399656355381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.23993775248527527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526869908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3298118","display_name":"Suicide prevention","level":3,"score":0.13674136996269226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.09108763933181763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.0686689019203186}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:50423550","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.hjil.org/articles/hjil-22-2-paust.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S72777760","display_name":"Houston journal of international law","issn_l":"0194-1879","issn":["0194-1879"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316851","host_organization_name":"University of Houston Law Center","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316851","https://openalex.org/P4310316362"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Houston Law Center","University of Houston"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Houston journal of international law","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":1.0},{"display_name":"Gender equality","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","score":0.9444000124931335}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1483691577","https://openalex.org/W600751383","https://openalex.org/W1561593950","https://openalex.org/W1498409965","https://openalex.org/W4246098509","https://openalex.org/W3177275689","https://openalex.org/W2995610452","https://openalex.org/W1531064024","https://openalex.org/W1988293680","https://openalex.org/W3130996636"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"An":[0],"important":[1],"issue":[2],"pending":[3],"before":[4],"the":[5,18,32,51,62,70,119,121,124,140,151,153,173,213,220,239,256,264,276,286,289,306,325,330,343,394,407,415,420,425,430,444,458,461,465,487,490,495,523,541,547,571,592,602,607],"U.S.":[6,422,439,492,529,548,577],"Supreme":[7],"Court(1)":[8],"is":[9,557,573,599,604],"whether":[10],"Congress":[11],"has":[12],"constitutionally":[13],"based":[14],"power":[15,30,59,93],"to":[605],"enact":[17,61,455],"Violence":[19,127,164,344,466,542],"Against":[20,128,165,345,467,543],"Women":[21,166,346,468,544,596],"Act":[22,347,395,469],"(VAWA).(2)":[23],"Although":[24],"some":[25],"have":[26,270,381],"focused":[27],"on":[28,123,156,163,433,438],"congressional":[29,58,92,360,515],"under":[31,443],"Commerce":[33],"Clause,(3)":[34],"treaty-based":[35],"and":[36,109,146,199,208,231,254,311,338,390,435,453,479,516,569],"customary":[37],"international":[38,96,141,197,265,462,524],"law":[39],"concerning":[40],"fundamental":[41],"human":[42,76,174,203,228,246,277,296,309,326,404,451,509,532,566,582],"rights":[43,77,175,204,229,247,278,297,310,405,533,567,583,609],"of":[44,50,57,69,78,91,118,126,136,150,172,176,195,238,273,280,288,298,305,318,329,342,367,393,406,409,429,486,540,546,550,564,576,591,601,610,612],"women,":[45,284],"coupled":[46],"with":[47,441,478,522,526,531],"other":[48,391],"provisions":[49,349],"Constitution,":[52],"also":[53,87,185,216,512,552],"provide":[54],"an":[55,574],"enhancement":[56,90],"VAWA.(4)":[63],"This":[64],"essay":[65,86],"identifies":[66,88],"a":[67,134,160,193,201,260,359,382,471],"purpose":[68,287,361,590],"VAWA":[71,240,488,572],"as":[72,133,192,200,259,322,324,333,412,561],"partly":[73],"protect":[75,295,606],"women":[79,177,226,315,353,400],"freedom":[81,179,249],"from":[82,180,250],"gender-based":[83,131,251],"violence.":[84],"The":[85],"constitutionally-based":[89],"implement":[95],"law.":[97],"I.":[98],"VAWA'S":[99],"PURPOSE:":[100],"PARTLY":[101],"TO":[102],"PROTECT":[103],"HUMAN":[104],"RIGHTS":[105],"A.":[106],"International":[107,431],"Legal":[108],"Domestic":[110],"Media":[111],"Backgrounds":[112],"In":[113,206],"1994,":[114,145,209],"prior":[115,147],"enactment":[117,149],"VAWA,":[120,152,332,603],"Declaration":[122],"Elimination":[125],"Women(5)":[129],"recognized":[130,413,560],"violence":[132,191,224,282,313,369,556,615],"matter":[135,194],"serious":[137,202],"concern":[138,198],"community.":[142],"Also":[143],"in":[144,212,243,263,292,316,320,362,375,378,474,489],"U.N.":[154],"Commission":[155],"Human":[157,426,496],"Rights":[158,427,497,594],"appointed":[159],"Special":[161],"Rapporteur":[162],"assure":[168],"more":[169,397],"adequate":[170],"implementation":[171],"violence.(6)":[181],"Previously,":[182],"there":[183,301],"had":[184],"been":[186,271],"global":[187],"attention":[188,218],"domestic":[190,210,223,281,312,368,386,410,555],"significant":[196],"infraction.(7)":[205],"1993":[207,321],"media":[211],"United":[214],"States":[215],"brought":[217],"fact":[221],"that":[222,236,464,554,570],"against":[225,283,314,585],"involves":[227],"violations,":[230],"several":[232,303],"articles":[233],"expressly":[234],"noted":[235,334],"drafts":[237],"would":[241],"aid":[242],"protecting":[244],"women's":[245],"violence.(8)":[252],"Congress,":[253],"especially":[255],"Executive":[257,339,416,459,517],"branch":[258],"key":[261],"participant":[262],"legal":[266,387],"process,":[267],"could":[268],"not":[269,500],"unaware":[272],"such":[274,481],"attention,":[275],"dimension":[279],"or":[285,373],"draft":[290],"legislation":[291,578],"part":[293,363,475,600],"women.":[299],"Indeed,":[300,587],"are":[302],"recognitions":[304],"interface":[307],"between":[308],"statements":[317],"congresspersons":[319],"well":[323],"rights-protecting":[327],"nature":[328],"proposed":[331],"below.":[335],"B.":[336],"Congressional":[337],"Recognitions":[340],"Part":[341],"contains":[348],"enabling":[350],"battered":[351],"immigrant":[352],"obtain":[355],"protections,(9)":[356],"thus":[357],"evidencing":[358],"address":[365,581],"problems":[366],"involving":[370],"transnational":[371],"processes":[372],"contexts":[374],"which":[376,598],"immigrants":[377],"this":[379],"country":[380],"need":[383],"for":[384,449,595],"special":[385],"protections.":[388],"These":[389],"parts":[392],"applying":[396],"broadly":[398],"tend":[401],"serve":[403],"victims":[408,611],"violence,":[411],"by":[414],"Branch.":[417],"Importantly,":[418],"during":[419],"first":[421,491],"Report":[423],"Committee":[428,498],"Covenant":[432],"Civil":[434,593],"Political":[436],"Right(10)":[437],"compliance":[440,530],"obligations":[442],"treaty":[445,482,534],"ensure":[447],"respect":[448,527],"relevant":[450],"rights(11)":[452],"appropriate":[456],"legislation,(12)":[457],"assured":[460],"body":[463],"was":[470],"measure":[472],"undertaken":[473],"comply":[477],"execute":[480],"obligations.(13)":[483],"Prominent":[484],"mention":[485],"report":[493],"serves":[499],"merely":[501],"evidence":[503],"our":[504,565],"continuing":[505],"national":[506],"commitment":[507],"rights,(14)":[510],"but":[511],"underscore":[514],"resolve":[518],"avoid":[520],"friction":[521],"community":[525],"obligations.":[535],"Bonnie":[536],"J.":[537],"Campbell,":[538],"Director":[539],"Office":[545],"Department":[549],"Justice,":[551],"confirmed":[553],"now":[558],"...":[568],"[a]":[562],"violation":[563],"example":[575],"designed":[579],"violations":[584],"women.(15)":[586],"one":[588],"express":[589],"Act,":[597],"civil":[608],"gender":[613],"motivated":[614],".":[616],"\u2026":[617]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-10-10T17:16:08.811792","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}