{"id":"https://openalex.org/W5027772","doi":null,"title":"Effects of maternal smoking on adverse pregnancy outcomes: examination of the criteria of causation.","display_name":"Effects of maternal smoking on adverse pregnancy outcomes: examination of the criteria of causation.","publication_year":1994,"publication_date":"1994-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W5027772","mag":"5027772","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7835872"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:7835872","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7835872","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human biology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111513684","display_name":"R A Walsh","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78757542","display_name":"University of Newcastle Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/00eae9z71","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78757542"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"R A Walsh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78757542"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5111513684"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78757542"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.2186,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":217,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95145382,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"66","issue":"6","first_page":"1059","last_page":"92"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11633","display_name":"Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects","score":0.923799991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2735","display_name":"Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11633","display_name":"Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects","score":0.923799991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2735","display_name":"Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10060","display_name":"Smoking Behavior and Cessation","score":0.06960000097751617,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12741","display_name":"Maternal and Neonatal Healthcare","score":0.0017999999690800905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2735","display_name":"Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maternal-smoking","display_name":"maternal smoking","score":0.8849999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoking-during-pregnancy","display_name":"smoking during pregnancy","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adverse-pregnancy-outcomes","display_name":"adverse pregnancy outcomes","score":0.9459999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-birth-weight","display_name":"low birth weight","score":0.800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/miscarriage","display_name":"miscarriage","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perinatal-mortality","display_name":"perinatal mortality","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neonatal-mortality","display_name":"neonatal mortality","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dose-response-relationship","display_name":"dose-response relationship","score":0.9449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fetal-effects","display_name":"fetal effects","score":0.5490000247955322}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779234561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11995","display_name":"Pregnancy","level":2,"score":0.8480671644210815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7628599405288696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778642596","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8452","display_name":"Abortion","level":3,"score":0.7198455929756165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112672928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q239526","display_name":"Offspring","level":3,"score":0.6080800294876099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131872663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5284418","display_name":"Obstetrics","level":1,"score":0.5980008840560913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779083892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6692979","display_name":"Low birth weight","level":3,"score":0.5762513875961304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172680121","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26513","display_name":"Fetus","level":3,"score":0.47783923149108887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82789193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2142611","display_name":"Relative risk","level":3,"score":0.4375007748603821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4128476","display_name":"Birth weight","level":3,"score":0.420160174369812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197934379","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2047938","display_name":"Adverse effect","level":2,"score":0.4121590256690979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.10518273711204529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000022","descriptor_name":"Abortion, Spontaneous","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000022","descriptor_name":"Abortion, Spontaneous","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004305","descriptor_name":"Dose-Response Relationship, Drug","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007226","descriptor_name":"Infant Mortality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007230","descriptor_name":"Infant, Low Birth Weight","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007231","descriptor_name":"Infant, Newborn","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011247","descriptor_name":"Pregnancy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011256","descriptor_name":"Pregnancy Outcome","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011446","descriptor_name":"Prospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012107","descriptor_name":"Research Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012907","descriptor_name":"Smoking","qualifier_ui":"Q000009","qualifier_name":"adverse effects","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015984","descriptor_name":"Causality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016022","descriptor_name":"Case-Control Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:7835872","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7835872","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human biology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"mag:5027772","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7835872","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":96,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W55635273","https://openalex.org/W189564345","https://openalex.org/W197794542","https://openalex.org/W206729366","https://openalex.org/W415382670","https://openalex.org/W1464419817","https://openalex.org/W1483174679","https://openalex.org/W1485406784","https://openalex.org/W1487491567","https://openalex.org/W1487780104","https://openalex.org/W1513257145","https://openalex.org/W1717251334","https://openalex.org/W1790522162","https://openalex.org/W1810757416","https://openalex.org/W1874528074","https://openalex.org/W1910874497","https://openalex.org/W1970187165","https://openalex.org/W1972568406","https://openalex.org/W1979114042","https://openalex.org/W1979905160","https://openalex.org/W1980636944","https://openalex.org/W1988723377","https://openalex.org/W1991604785","https://openalex.org/W1992722623","https://openalex.org/W1993418829","https://openalex.org/W1994928259","https://openalex.org/W1995827023","https://openalex.org/W1998566313","https://openalex.org/W2001401805","https://openalex.org/W2003478961","https://openalex.org/W2003750421","https://openalex.org/W2006419396","https://openalex.org/W2014473886","https://openalex.org/W2018989516","https://openalex.org/W2019032402","https://openalex.org/W2021822303","https://openalex.org/W2023201271","https://openalex.org/W2026293968","https://openalex.org/W2027580795","https://openalex.org/W2029418224","https://openalex.org/W2035476085","https://openalex.org/W2037535206","https://openalex.org/W2038180879","https://openalex.org/W2038260842","https://openalex.org/W2051239420","https://openalex.org/W2056167093","https://openalex.org/W2060986215","https://openalex.org/W2061461972","https://openalex.org/W2062035723","https://openalex.org/W2062586951","https://openalex.org/W2067338673","https://openalex.org/W2067737231","https://openalex.org/W2068988904","https://openalex.org/W2073039458","https://openalex.org/W2080540587","https://openalex.org/W2084301368","https://openalex.org/W2086588810","https://openalex.org/W2087341198","https://openalex.org/W2091222128","https://openalex.org/W2106072368","https://openalex.org/W2110181780","https://openalex.org/W2116466426","https://openalex.org/W2118383107","https://openalex.org/W2121337888","https://openalex.org/W2126404294","https://openalex.org/W2134464525","https://openalex.org/W2141530490","https://openalex.org/W2147172530","https://openalex.org/W2147328570","https://openalex.org/W2149424129","https://openalex.org/W2154156621","https://openalex.org/W2156640035","https://openalex.org/W2159657349","https://openalex.org/W2167873509","https://openalex.org/W2189259563","https://openalex.org/W2200417208","https://openalex.org/W2200487003","https://openalex.org/W2256765289","https://openalex.org/W2287569407","https://openalex.org/W2331780577","https://openalex.org/W2340045800","https://openalex.org/W2343289296","https://openalex.org/W2345400567","https://openalex.org/W2399788829","https://openalex.org/W2403472633","https://openalex.org/W2408889658","https://openalex.org/W2412591991","https://openalex.org/W2414895570","https://openalex.org/W2415169837","https://openalex.org/W2416916041","https://openalex.org/W2419418540","https://openalex.org/W2419571023","https://openalex.org/W2426406042","https://openalex.org/W2427301599","https://openalex.org/W4250145181","https://openalex.org/W4302397315"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7052679892","https://openalex.org/W2988473234","https://openalex.org/W2426303413","https://openalex.org/W7098863184","https://openalex.org/W2171844893","https://openalex.org/W2149658108","https://openalex.org/W2101587469","https://openalex.org/W2113685636","https://openalex.org/W32999494","https://openalex.org/W2607024397"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Smoking":[0],"during":[1,44,117],"pregnancy":[2,9,45,99,118],"has":[3,119,161],"been":[4,121,163],"associated":[5],"with":[6,47,96],"many":[7],"adverse":[8,98],"outcomes.":[10,19],"However,":[11,131],"debate":[12],"continues":[13],"about":[14,66],"whether":[15],"smoking":[16,76,95,116],"causes":[17],"these":[18],"This":[20],"review":[21],"of":[22,25,32,55,70,74,83,110,177],"the":[23,29,52,71,78,84,170,182],"criteria":[24],"causation":[26],"found":[27],"that":[28,51,169],"relative":[30,53],"risk":[31],"having":[33],"a":[34,107,137,157],"low-birth-weight":[35],"baby":[36],"is":[37,86,133],"nearly":[38],"doubled":[39],"in":[40,101,124,140,172,181],"women":[41,49],"who":[42],"smoke":[43,174],"compared":[46],"nonsmoking":[48],"and":[50,58,60,80,103,128,146,149,184],"risks":[54],"spontaneous":[56,147],"abortion":[57,148],"perinatal":[59,127],"neonatal":[61,129],"mortality":[62],"are":[63,175],"increased":[64],"by":[65],"one-third.":[67],"The":[68,90],"magnitude":[69],"long-term":[72,153],"effects":[73],"maternal":[75,94],"on":[77],"physical":[79],"mental":[81],"development":[82],"offspring":[85],"small":[87],"but":[88],"measurable.":[89],"epidemiologic":[91],"evidence":[92,167],"associating":[93],"major":[97],"outcomes":[100],"prospective":[102],"case-control":[104],"studies":[105],"displays":[106],"high":[108],"degree":[109],"consistency.":[111],"A":[112],"dose-response":[113,138],"gradient":[114,139],"for":[115,136,152],"not":[120,162],"clearly":[122,164],"shown":[123],"relation":[125,141],"to":[126,142],"mortality.":[130],"there":[132],"strong":[134],"support":[135,151],"low":[143],"birth":[144],"weight":[145],"moderate":[150],"developmental":[154],"effects.":[155],"Although":[156],"biological":[158],"causal":[159],"mechanism":[160],"delineated,":[165],"considerable":[166],"indicates":[168],"chemicals":[171],"tobacco":[173],"capable":[176],"producing":[178],"deleterious":[179],"changes":[180],"placenta":[183],"fetus.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":14}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}