{"id":"https://openalex.org/W50187182","doi":"https://doi.org/10.13182/fst89-a39861","title":"APOLLO - An Advanced Fuel Fusion Power Reactor for the 21st Century","display_name":"APOLLO - An Advanced Fuel Fusion Power Reactor for the 21st Century","publication_year":1989,"publication_date":"1989-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W50187182","doi":"https://doi.org/10.13182/fst89-a39861","mag":"50187182"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.13182/fst89-a39861","doi":"https://doi.org/10.13182/fst89-a39861","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.13182/fst89-a39861","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S17775143","display_name":"Fusion Technology","issn_l":"0748-1896","issn":["0748-1896"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4320800701","host_organization_name":"American Nuclear Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4320800701"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Nuclear Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Fusion Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043389746","display_name":"Gerald L Kulcinski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5635-4906","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5635-4906"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G.L. Kulcinski","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Wisconsin, Fusion Technology Institute Nuclear Engineering and Engineering Physics Department 1500 Johnson Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1687(608) 263-2308"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wisconsin, Fusion Technology Institute Nuclear Engineering and Engineering Physics Department 1500 Johnson Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1687(608) 263-2308","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065985068","display_name":"Gilbert A. Emmert","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G.A. Emmert","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Wisconsin, Fusion Technology Institute Nuclear Engineering and Engineering Physics Department 1500 Johnson Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1687(608) 263-2308"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wisconsin, Fusion Technology Institute Nuclear Engineering and Engineering Physics Department 1500 Johnson Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1687(608) 263-2308","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070455010","display_name":"James P. Blanchard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0663-6758","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0663-6758"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J.P. Blanchard","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Wisconsin, Fusion Technology Institute Nuclear Engineering and Engineering Physics Department 1500 Johnson Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1687(608) 263-2308"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wisconsin, Fusion Technology Institute Nuclear Engineering and Engineering Physics Department 1500 Johnson Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1687(608) 263-2308","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011754927","display_name":"L. El-Guebaly","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0708-6981","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0708-6981"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L.A. El-Guebaly","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Wisconsin, Fusion Technology Institute Nuclear Engineering and Engineering Physics Department 1500 Johnson Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1687(608) 263-2308"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wisconsin, Fusion Technology Institute Nuclear Engineering and Engineering Physics Department 1500 Johnson Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1687(608) 263-2308","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091243282","display_name":"H. Khater","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7068-3669","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7068-3669"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H.Y. Khater","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Wisconsin, Fusion Technology Institute Nuclear Engineering and Engineering Physics Department 1500 Johnson Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1687(608) 263-2308"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wisconsin, Fusion Technology Institute Nuclear Engineering and Engineering Physics Department 1500 Johnson Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1687(608) 263-2308","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029560190","display_name":"John F. Santarius","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8387-3127","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8387-3127"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J.F. Santarius","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Wisconsin, Fusion Technology Institute Nuclear Engineering and Engineering Physics Department 1500 Johnson Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1687(608) 263-2308"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wisconsin, Fusion Technology Institute Nuclear Engineering and Engineering Physics Department 1500 Johnson Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1687(608) 263-2308","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055569400","display_name":"Mohamed E. Sawan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M.E. Sawan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Wisconsin, Fusion Technology Institute Nuclear Engineering and Engineering Physics Department 1500 Johnson Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1687(608) 263-2308"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wisconsin, Fusion Technology Institute Nuclear Engineering and Engineering Physics Department 1500 Johnson Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1687(608) 263-2308","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057560119","display_name":"Igor N. Sviatoslavsky","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"I.N. Sviatoslavsky","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Wisconsin, Fusion Technology Institute Nuclear Engineering and Engineering Physics Department 1500 Johnson Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1687(608) 263-2308"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wisconsin, Fusion Technology Institute Nuclear Engineering and Engineering Physics Department 1500 Johnson Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1687(608) 263-2308","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111434838","display_name":"LAYTON J. WITTENBERG","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L.J. Wittenberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Wisconsin, Fusion Technology Institute Nuclear Engineering and Engineering Physics Department 1500 Johnson Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1687(608) 263-2308"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wisconsin, Fusion Technology Institute Nuclear Engineering and Engineering Physics Department 1500 Johnson Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1687(608) 263-2308","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065811394","display_name":"Robert J. Witt","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R.J. Witt","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Wisconsin, Fusion Technology Institute Nuclear Engineering and Engineering Physics Department 1500 Johnson Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1687(608) 263-2308"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wisconsin, Fusion Technology Institute Nuclear Engineering and Engineering Physics Department 1500 Johnson Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1687(608) 263-2308","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.6558,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":37,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96347358,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"2P2B","first_page":"1233","last_page":"1244"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10346","display_name":"Magnetic confinement fusion research","score":0.7710000276565552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10346","display_name":"Magnetic confinement fusion research","score":0.7710000276565552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10592","display_name":"Fusion materials and technologies","score":0.15139999985694885,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13769","display_name":"Fusion and Plasma Physics Studies","score":0.04399999976158142,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tokamak-reactor","display_name":"tokamak reactor","score":0.8149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion-reactor","display_name":"fusion reactor","score":0.6800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-field-magnets","display_name":"high-field magnets","score":0.7419999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rectenna","display_name":"rectenna","score":0.8090000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neutron-wall-loading","display_name":"neutron wall loading","score":0.875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inherent-safety","display_name":"inherent safety","score":0.8360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity-prices","display_name":"electricity prices","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spherical-tokamak","display_name":"spherical tokamak","score":0.7670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pre-conceptual-design","display_name":"pre-conceptual design","score":0.6480000019073486}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116915560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83504","display_name":"Nuclear engineering","level":1,"score":0.6548798084259033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24671956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641442","display_name":"Fusion power","level":3,"score":0.6415224075317383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779821442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41633","display_name":"Apollo","level":2,"score":0.6383457779884338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.43386247754096985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.41849592328071594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4136624336242676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87355193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q411","display_name":"Astrobiology","level":1,"score":0.33598607778549194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185544564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81197","display_name":"Nuclear physics","level":1,"score":0.20821669697761536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1718958020210266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82706917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10251","display_name":"Plasma","level":2,"score":0.16893112659454346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.131515771150589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.11248156428337097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90856448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431","display_name":"Zoology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.13182/fst89-a39861","doi":"https://doi.org/10.13182/fst89-a39861","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.13182/fst89-a39861","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S17775143","display_name":"Fusion Technology","issn_l":"0748-1896","issn":["0748-1896"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4320800701","host_organization_name":"American Nuclear Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4320800701"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Nuclear Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Fusion Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.878000020980835}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1516854960","https://openalex.org/W1584686041","https://openalex.org/W1599833089","https://openalex.org/W1602216997","https://openalex.org/W1974025122","https://openalex.org/W2036698757","https://openalex.org/W2064777527","https://openalex.org/W2742185811","https://openalex.org/W2914122703","https://openalex.org/W4205128892"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2128850851","https://openalex.org/W1874219296","https://openalex.org/W870569297","https://openalex.org/W2104621708","https://openalex.org/W402172378","https://openalex.org/W1516415155","https://openalex.org/W2078754914","https://openalex.org/W3200200508","https://openalex.org/W2058846953","https://openalex.org/W2272832509"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,14],"preconceptual":[1],"design":[2],"of":[3,109],"a":[4,9,85,120],"tokamak":[5,39],"reactor":[6,100],"fueled":[7],"by":[8],"D-He-3":[10,38],"plasma":[11],"is":[12,20,75,113],"presented,":[13],"low":[15,78,94],"aspect":[16,25],"ratio":[17,26],"(A=2\u22124)":[18],"device":[19],"studied":[21],"here":[22],"but":[23],"high":[24,45],"devices":[27],"(A":[28],">":[29,114],"6)":[30],"may":[31],"also":[32],"be":[33,90,102],"quite":[34],"attractive.":[35],"The":[36,61,77,107],"Apollo":[37,112],"capitalizes":[40],"on":[41,70],"recent":[42],"advances":[43],"in":[44],"field":[46],"magnets":[47],"(20":[48],"T)":[49],"and":[50,92],"utilizes":[51],"rectennas":[52],"to":[53,59,67,89,101],"convert":[54],"the":[55,72,93,99],"synchrotron":[56],"radiation":[57],"directly":[58],"electricity.":[60],"overall":[62],"efficiency":[63],"ranges":[64],"from":[65,111,119],"37":[66],"52%":[68],"depending":[69],"whether":[71],"bremsstrahlung":[73],"energy":[74],"utilized.":[76],"neutron":[79],"wall":[80,88],"loading":[81],"(0.1":[82],"MW/m2)":[83],"allows":[84],"permanent":[86],"first":[87],"designed":[91],"nuclear":[95],"decay":[96],"heat":[97],"enables":[98],"classed":[103],"as":[104],"inherently":[105],"safe.":[106],"cost":[108],"electricity":[110,118],"40%":[115],"lower":[116],"than":[117],"similar":[121],"sized":[122],"DT":[123],"reactor.":[124]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-01T08:54:57.152042","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
