{"id":"https://openalex.org/W49805678","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5935/0305-7518.19970038","title":"Transmission and protection in leprosy: indications of the role of mucosal immunity","display_name":"Transmission and protection in leprosy: indications of the role of mucosal immunity","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W49805678","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5935/0305-7518.19970038","mag":"49805678","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9503866"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5935/0305-7518.19970038","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5935/0305-7518.19970038","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5935/0305-7518.19970038","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.5935/0305-7518.19970038","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S71994424","display_name":"Leprosy Review","issn_l":"0305-7518","issn":["0305-7518","2162-8807"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4323293546","host_organization_name":"British Leprosy Relief Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4323293546"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["British Leprosy Relief Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Leprosy Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5935/0305-7518.19970038","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034996254","display_name":"Patalapati Ramaprasad","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800512269","display_name":"Royal Tropical Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01z6bgg93","country_code":"NL","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800512269"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801680418","display_name":"The Leprosy Mission International","ror":"https://ror.org/05wav0c22","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801680418"]}],"countries":["GB","NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. RAMAPRASAD","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanley Browne Laboratories, Richardson Leprosy Hospital, Miraj, India","Stanley Browne Laboratories, Richardson Leprosy Hospital, The Leprosy Mission, Mira}, MS, 416410 India","tDepartment of Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute, Meibergdreef, 11050 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanley Browne Laboratories, Richardson Leprosy Hospital, Miraj, India","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanley Browne Laboratories, Richardson Leprosy Hospital, The Leprosy Mission, Mira}, MS, 416410 India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801680418"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"tDepartment of Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute, Meibergdreef, 11050 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800512269"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"A. FERNANDO","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800512269","display_name":"Royal Tropical Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01z6bgg93","country_code":"NL","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800512269"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801680418","display_name":"The Leprosy Mission International","ror":"https://ror.org/05wav0c22","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801680418"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405267752","display_name":"The Leprosy Mission Trust India","ror":"https://ror.org/046a6pa59","country_code":"IN","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405267752"]}],"countries":["GB","IN","NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. FERNANDO","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanley Browne Laboratories , Richardson Leprosy Hospital , The Leprosy Mission , Mira} , MS , 416410 India tDepartment of Biomedical Research ,","Stanley Browne Laboratories, Richardson Leprosy Hospital, The Leprosy Mission, Mira}, MS, 416410 India","tDepartment of Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute, Meibergdreef, 11050 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanley Browne Laboratories , Richardson Leprosy Hospital , The Leprosy Mission , Mira} , MS , 416410 India tDepartment of Biomedical Research ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405267752"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanley Browne Laboratories, Richardson Leprosy Hospital, The Leprosy Mission, Mira}, MS, 416410 India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801680418"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"tDepartment of Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute, Meibergdreef, 11050 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800512269"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110043304","display_name":"SeverinaP Madhale","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800512269","display_name":"Royal Tropical Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01z6bgg93","country_code":"NL","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800512269"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801680418","display_name":"The Leprosy Mission International","ror":"https://ror.org/05wav0c22","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801680418"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405267752","display_name":"The Leprosy Mission Trust India","ror":"https://ror.org/046a6pa59","country_code":"IN","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405267752"]}],"countries":["GB","IN","NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. MADHALE","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanley Browne Laboratories , Richardson Leprosy Hospital , The Leprosy Mission , Mira} , MS , 416410 India tDepartment of Biomedical Research ,","Stanley Browne Laboratories, Richardson Leprosy Hospital, The Leprosy Mission, Mira}, MS, 416410 India","tDepartment of Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute, Meibergdreef, 11050 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanley Browne Laboratories , Richardson Leprosy Hospital , The Leprosy Mission , Mira} , MS , 416410 India tDepartment of Biomedical Research ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405267752"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanley Browne Laboratories, Richardson Leprosy Hospital, The Leprosy Mission, Mira}, MS, 416410 India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801680418"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"tDepartment of Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute, Meibergdreef, 11050 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800512269"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"J. R. RAO","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800512269","display_name":"Royal Tropical Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01z6bgg93","country_code":"NL","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800512269"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801680418","display_name":"The Leprosy Mission International","ror":"https://ror.org/05wav0c22","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801680418"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405267752","display_name":"The Leprosy Mission Trust India","ror":"https://ror.org/046a6pa59","country_code":"IN","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405267752"]}],"countries":["GB","IN","NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. R. RAO","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanley Browne Laboratories , Richardson Leprosy Hospital , The Leprosy Mission , Mira} , MS , 416410 India tDepartment of Biomedical Research ,","Stanley Browne Laboratories, Richardson Leprosy Hospital, The Leprosy Mission, Mira}, MS, 416410 India","tDepartment of Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute, Meibergdreef, 11050 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanley Browne Laboratories , Richardson Leprosy Hospital , The Leprosy Mission , Mira} , MS , 416410 India tDepartment of Biomedical Research ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405267752"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanley Browne Laboratories, Richardson Leprosy Hospital, The Leprosy Mission, Mira}, MS, 416410 India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801680418"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"tDepartment of Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute, Meibergdreef, 11050 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800512269"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013456863","display_name":"Vijay K. Edward","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9370-2348","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9370-2348"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800512269","display_name":"Royal Tropical Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01z6bgg93","country_code":"NL","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800512269"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801680418","display_name":"The Leprosy Mission International","ror":"https://ror.org/05wav0c22","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801680418"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405267752","display_name":"The Leprosy Mission Trust India","ror":"https://ror.org/046a6pa59","country_code":"IN","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405267752"]}],"countries":["GB","IN","NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"V. K. EDWARD","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanley Browne Laboratories , Richardson Leprosy Hospital , The Leprosy Mission , Mira} , MS , 416410 India tDepartment of Biomedical Research ,","Stanley Browne Laboratories, Richardson Leprosy Hospital, The Leprosy Mission, Mira}, MS, 416410 India","tDepartment of Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute, Meibergdreef, 11050 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanley Browne Laboratories , Richardson Leprosy Hospital , The Leprosy Mission , Mira} , MS , 416410 India tDepartment of Biomedical Research ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405267752"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanley Browne Laboratories, Richardson Leprosy Hospital, The Leprosy Mission, Mira}, MS, 416410 India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801680418"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"tDepartment of Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute, Meibergdreef, 11050 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800512269"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057386283","display_name":"P D Samson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800512269","display_name":"Royal Tropical Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01z6bgg93","country_code":"NL","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800512269"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801680418","display_name":"The Leprosy Mission International","ror":"https://ror.org/05wav0c22","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801680418"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405267752","display_name":"The Leprosy Mission Trust India","ror":"https://ror.org/046a6pa59","country_code":"IN","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405267752"]}],"countries":["GB","IN","NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. D. SAMSON","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanley Browne Laboratories , Richardson Leprosy Hospital , The Leprosy Mission , Mira} , MS , 416410 India tDepartment of Biomedical Research ,","Stanley Browne Laboratories, Richardson Leprosy Hospital, The Leprosy Mission, Mira}, MS, 416410 India","tDepartment of Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute, Meibergdreef, 11050 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanley Browne Laboratories , Richardson Leprosy Hospital , The Leprosy Mission , Mira} , MS , 416410 India tDepartment of Biomedical Research ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405267752"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanley Browne Laboratories, Richardson Leprosy Hospital, The Leprosy Mission, Mira}, MS, 416410 India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801680418"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"tDepartment of Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute, Meibergdreef, 11050 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800512269"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000544047","display_name":"Paul R. Klatser","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2127-9138","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2127-9138"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I195460627","display_name":"University of Aberdeen","ror":"https://ror.org/016476m91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195460627"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. R. KLATSER","raw_affiliation_strings":[".Department of Public Health, University of Aberdeen, Medical School, Polwarth Building, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB9 2ZD, Scotland \u00a7Department of Pathology, Institute of Ophthalmology,","University College London, Bath Street, London EC1 V 9EL, England","Department of Pathology, Institute of Ophthalmology, Bath Street, London EC IV 9EL"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":".Department of Public Health, University of Aberdeen, Medical School, Polwarth Building, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB9 2ZD, Scotland \u00a7Department of Pathology, Institute of Ophthalmology,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195460627"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College London, Bath Street, London EC1 V 9EL, England","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathology, Institute of Ophthalmology, Bath Street, London EC IV 9EL","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002656148","display_name":"Madeleine Y. L. de Wit","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I195460627","display_name":"University of Aberdeen","ror":"https://ror.org/016476m91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195460627"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Y. L. DE WIT","raw_affiliation_strings":[".Department of Public Health, University of Aberdeen, Medical School, Polwarth Building, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB9 2ZD, Scotland \u00a7Department of Pathology, Institute of Ophthalmology,","University College London, Bath Street, London EC1 V 9EL, England","Department of Pathology, Institute of Ophthalmology, Bath Street, London EC IV 9EL"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":".Department of Public Health, University of Aberdeen, Medical School, Polwarth Building, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB9 2ZD, Scotland \u00a7Department of Pathology, Institute of Ophthalmology,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195460627"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College London, Bath Street, London EC1 V 9EL, England","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathology, Institute of Ophthalmology, Bath Street, London EC IV 9EL","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072544562","display_name":"William Cairns Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6257-7695","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6257-7695"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I195460627","display_name":"University of Aberdeen","ror":"https://ror.org/016476m91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195460627"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"W. C. S. SMITH","raw_affiliation_strings":[".Department of Public Health, University of Aberdeen, Medical School, Polwarth Building, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB9 2ZD, Scotland \u00a7Department of Pathology, Institute of Ophthalmology,","University College London, Bath Street, London EC1 V 9EL, England","Department of Pathology, Institute of Ophthalmology, Bath Street, London EC IV 9EL"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":".Department of Public Health, University of Aberdeen, Medical School, Polwarth Building, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB9 2ZD, Scotland \u00a7Department of Pathology, Institute of Ophthalmology,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195460627"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College London, Bath Street, London EC1 V 9EL, England","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathology, Institute of Ophthalmology, Bath Street, London EC IV 9EL","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014188852","display_name":"Ian A. Cree","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5007-9456","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5007-9456"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I195460627","display_name":"University of Aberdeen","ror":"https://ror.org/016476m91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195460627"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"I. A. CREE","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pathology, Institute of Ophthalmology, Bath Street, London EC IV 9EL",".Department of Public Health, University of Aberdeen, Medical School, Polwarth Building, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB9 2ZD, Scotland \u00a7Department of Pathology, Institute of Ophthalmology,","University College London, Bath Street, London EC1 V 9EL, England"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathology, Institute of Ophthalmology, Bath Street, London EC IV 9EL","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":".Department of Public Health, University of Aberdeen, Medical School, Polwarth Building, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB9 2ZD, Scotland \u00a7Department of Pathology, Institute of Ophthalmology,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195460627"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College London, Bath Street, London EC1 V 9EL, England","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014188852"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195460627","https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6997,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":64,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83632225,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"68","issue":"4","first_page":"301","last_page":"15"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12107","display_name":"Leprosy Research and Treatment","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12107","display_name":"Leprosy Research and Treatment","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10823","display_name":"Research on Leishmaniasis Studies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11934","display_name":"Syphilis Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leprosy","display_name":"leprosy","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mycobacterium-leprae","display_name":"Mycobacterium leprae","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mucosal-immunity","display_name":"mucosal immunity","score":0.9570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/household-contacts","display_name":"household contacts","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multidrug-therapy","display_name":"multidrug therapy","score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protective-immunity","display_name":"protective immunity","score":0.6489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leprosy-incidence","display_name":"leprosy incidence","score":0.5839999914169312}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780695269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36956","display_name":"Leprosy","level":2,"score":0.9093102216720581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8269839286804199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779823659","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q155891","display_name":"Mycobacterium leprae","level":3,"score":0.7712496519088745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.5807454586029053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.579127311706543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61511704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671857","display_name":"Incidence (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.5432090163230896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.5163225531578064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778311950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7363","display_name":"Nose","level":2,"score":0.5119115114212036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778801703","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156104","display_name":"Nasal cavity","level":2,"score":0.5000455379486084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779341262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182581","display_name":"Immunity","level":3,"score":0.44518232345581055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16005928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171171","display_name":"Dermatology","level":1,"score":0.354206383228302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8891405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immune system","level":2,"score":0.18166464567184448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.1685793697834015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.09692138433456421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000907","descriptor_name":"Antibodies, Bacterial","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004797","descriptor_name":"Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007070","descriptor_name":"Immunoglobulin A","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007918","descriptor_name":"Leprosy","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007918","descriptor_name":"Leprosy","qualifier_ui":"Q000382","qualifier_name":"microbiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007918","descriptor_name":"Leprosy","qualifier_ui":"Q000635","qualifier_name":"transmission","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009169","descriptor_name":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009169","descriptor_name":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000302","qualifier_name":"isolation & purification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009297","descriptor_name":"Nasal Mucosa","qualifier_ui":"Q000382","qualifier_name":"microbiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012463","descriptor_name":"Saliva","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016133","descriptor_name":"Polymerase Chain Reaction","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018928","descriptor_name":"Immunity, Mucosal","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5935/0305-7518.19970038","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5935/0305-7518.19970038","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5935/0305-7518.19970038","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.5935/0305-7518.19970038","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S71994424","display_name":"Leprosy Review","issn_l":"0305-7518","issn":["0305-7518","2162-8807"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4323293546","host_organization_name":"British Leprosy Relief Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4323293546"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["British Leprosy Relief Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Leprosy Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:9503866","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9503866","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Leprosy review","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:amcpub:oai:pure.amc.nl:publications/5f585b9f-8477-4688-bf42-b5e0d7c79aa3","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.amc.nl/en/publications/transmission-and-protection-in-leprosy-indications-of-the-role-of-mucosal-immunity(5f585b9f-8477-4688-bf42-b5e0d7c79aa3).html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401843","display_name":"Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1322597698","host_organization_name":"Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322597698"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Leprosy review, 68(4), 301 - 315. British Leprosy Relief Association","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5935/0305-7518.19970038","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5935/0305-7518.19970038","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5935/0305-7518.19970038","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.5935/0305-7518.19970038","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S71994424","display_name":"Leprosy Review","issn_l":"0305-7518","issn":["0305-7518","2162-8807"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4323293546","host_organization_name":"British Leprosy Relief Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4323293546"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["British Leprosy Relief Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Leprosy Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311838","display_name":"Netherlands Leprosy Relief","ror":"https://ror.org/03fzdex20"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W49805678.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W49805678.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1979035438","https://openalex.org/W2046925562","https://openalex.org/W2055432877","https://openalex.org/W2059935293","https://openalex.org/W2072150676","https://openalex.org/W2396276946","https://openalex.org/W2408819916","https://openalex.org/W2423182996","https://openalex.org/W2441787129","https://openalex.org/W2558441478","https://openalex.org/W4290748677","https://openalex.org/W6606866905"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7132833212","https://openalex.org/W2423182996","https://openalex.org/W2023810877","https://openalex.org/W2408922923","https://openalex.org/W2055432877","https://openalex.org/W2044548459","https://openalex.org/W2108710093","https://openalex.org/W1885620486","https://openalex.org/W1873459307","https://openalex.org/W2514471682"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"advances":[1],"in":[2,9,59,136,146,154,176,191,214,281,318],"treatment":[3],"have":[4,29,110],"achieved":[5],"a":[6,201,285],"large":[7],"drop":[8],"the":[10,17,44,47,53,60,66,74,118,137,179,215,230,244,278,282,290,302,316],"prevalence":[11],"of":[12,46,55,63,95,113,131,148,156,160,165,171,211,229,271,277,284,305,307,327],"active":[13],"leprosy":[14,114,161],"cases,":[15],"but":[16,35],"incidence":[18],"is":[19,58,77,267,322],"at":[20],"best":[21],"decreasing":[22],"slowly.":[23],"Most":[24],"people":[25],"within":[26],"leprosy-endemic":[27],"populations":[28],"been":[30,82],"exposed":[31],"to":[32,68,178,254,260],"Mycobacterium":[33],"leprae,":[34],"few":[36,293],"develop":[37,296],"disease":[38],"and":[39,70,79,117,125,140,163,196,256],"it":[40,80],"seems":[41],"likely":[42],"that":[43,73,84,265,292],"majority":[45],"population":[48,120,320],"develops":[49],"protective":[50],"immunity.":[51],"If":[52],"site":[54],"initial":[56,75],"infection":[57,76,276],"nose,":[61],"dissemination":[62],"bacilli":[64],"around":[65],"body":[67],"skin":[69],"nerve":[71],"implies":[72],"bacilliferous":[78],"has":[81],"shown":[83],"nasal":[85,96,126,205],"M.":[86,187,272],"leprae":[87,101,188,273],"are":[88,105],"detectable":[89],"by":[90],"polymerase":[91],"chain":[92],"reaction":[93],"(PCR)":[94],"swabs.":[97],"Since":[98],"salivary":[99],"anti-M.":[100],"IgA":[102],"(sMLIgA)":[103],"levels":[104],"correlated":[106],"with":[107,243,274,324],"protection,":[108],"we":[109],"surveyed":[111],"groups":[112],"patients,":[115,158],"contacts":[116,194],"general":[119,319],"for":[121,186,248],"both":[122,192],"their":[123],"sMLIgA":[124,151],"PCR":[127,139,185],"positivity.":[128,184],"A":[129],"total":[130],"304":[132],"subjects":[133,173,241],"were":[134,144,174,207],"enrolled":[135],"study:":[138],"mucosal":[141,245,286],"challenge":[142,246],"tests":[143],"performed":[145],"204":[147],"these":[149],"individuals.":[150],"was":[152,189],"present":[153,190],"66%":[155],"treated":[157],"76%":[159],"workers":[162],"72%":[164],"healthy":[166],"contacts.":[167],"However,":[168],"only":[169],"33%":[170],"indigenous":[172,197],"sMLIgA+,":[175],"contrast":[177],"earlier":[180],"studies":[181],"showing":[182],"74%":[183],"household":[193],"(2%)":[195],"controls":[198],"(5%).":[199],"In":[200],"subsequent":[202],"follow-up":[203],"study,":[204],"swabs":[206],"taken":[208],"from":[209,252,258],"97":[210],"those":[212],"studied":[213],"first":[216],"series:":[217],"three":[218],"PCR+":[219],"individuals":[220,234,294],"followed":[221],"up":[222],"after":[223],"one":[224],"year":[225],"became":[226,237],"negative,":[227],"while":[228],"remaining":[231],"94":[232],"PCR-":[233],"retested,":[235],"2":[236],"positive.":[238,261],"Of":[239],"112":[240],"retested":[242],"test":[247],"sMLIgA:":[249],"22":[250],"converted":[251],"positive":[253],"negative":[255,259],"12":[257],"These":[262],"results":[263],"suggest":[264],"there":[266],"widespread":[268],"subclinical":[269],"transmission":[270],"transient":[275],"nose":[279],"resulting":[280],"development":[283],"immune":[287],"response,":[288],"despite":[289],"fact":[291],"will":[295],"clinical":[297],"disease.":[298],"This":[299],"may":[300],"explain":[301],"current":[303],"lack":[304],"effect":[306,326],"multidrug":[308],"therapy":[309],"(MDT)":[310],"control":[311],"programmes":[312],"on":[313,329],"incidence,":[314],"although":[315],"reduction":[317],"immunity":[321],"consistent":[323],"some":[325],"MDT":[328],"transmission.":[330]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
