{"id":"https://openalex.org/W49355375","doi":null,"title":"Triggering Kindness: Mechanisms and Outcomes","display_name":"Triggering Kindness: Mechanisms and Outcomes","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W49355375","mag":"49355375"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org/ark:/13030/qt8n01r3dq","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8n01r3dq","pdf_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8n01r3dq","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"etd"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8n01r3dq","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067695297","display_name":"Kristin Layous","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0524-2802","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0524-2802"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kristin Layous","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0524-2802","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5067695297"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10475","display_name":"Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10475","display_name":"Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12488","display_name":"Mental Health via Writing","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12485","display_name":"Optimism, Hope, and Well-being","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gratitude-letter","display_name":"gratitude letter","score":0.6299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/effort-and-persistence","display_name":"effort and persistence","score":0.8550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/well-being","display_name":"well-being","score":0.8299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/happiness","display_name":"happiness","score":0.5669999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personal-development","display_name":"human development","score":0.6970000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/positive-emotions","display_name":"positive emotions","score":0.40700000524520874}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779930795","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2728730","display_name":"Gratitude","level":2,"score":0.9428210258483887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779768198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q488085","display_name":"Kindness","level":2,"score":0.8262894153594971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778999518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8","display_name":"Happiness","level":2,"score":0.7857261896133423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7620193958282471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12505134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q718809","display_name":"Positive psychology","level":2,"score":0.6514601111412048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204017024","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485446","display_name":"Optimism","level":2,"score":0.6332281827926636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780665704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959298","display_name":"Intervention (counseling)","level":2,"score":0.5763272643089294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.5625119209289551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776420229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7981051","display_name":"Well-being","level":2,"score":0.5502776503562927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158608086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2990613","display_name":"Prosocial behavior","level":2,"score":0.54549640417099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781265381","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5710255","display_name":"Helpfulness","level":2,"score":0.4356013834476471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777316895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5338825","display_name":"Contempt","level":2,"score":0.4303736686706543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4258435368537903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.4156264662742615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.15223395824432373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27206212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34178","display_name":"Theology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org/ark:/13030/qt8n01r3dq","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8n01r3dq","pdf_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8n01r3dq","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"etd"},{"id":"mag:49355375","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt8n01r3dq/qt8n01r3dq.pdf?t=n8wk7t","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org/ark:/13030/qt8n01r3dq","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8n01r3dq","pdf_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8n01r3dq","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"etd"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.504800021648407,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W49355375.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W49355375.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W174846637","https://openalex.org/W186242951","https://openalex.org/W1537717563","https://openalex.org/W1608128550","https://openalex.org/W1678093811","https://openalex.org/W1849190772","https://openalex.org/W1970252846","https://openalex.org/W1974021434","https://openalex.org/W1975791421","https://openalex.org/W1995031937","https://openalex.org/W2005190530","https://openalex.org/W2009752962","https://openalex.org/W2014281368","https://openalex.org/W2033600987","https://openalex.org/W2036931380","https://openalex.org/W2038702827","https://openalex.org/W2040541818","https://openalex.org/W2054240319","https://openalex.org/W2055477920","https://openalex.org/W2065168079","https://openalex.org/W2077329319","https://openalex.org/W2081004291","https://openalex.org/W2090242685","https://openalex.org/W2090437043","https://openalex.org/W2097137621","https://openalex.org/W2104057213","https://openalex.org/W2108577177","https://openalex.org/W2109656073","https://openalex.org/W2110620679","https://openalex.org/W2116855422","https://openalex.org/W2126099122","https://openalex.org/W2127571795","https://openalex.org/W2132638854","https://openalex.org/W2134176302","https://openalex.org/W2134419850","https://openalex.org/W2137553736","https://openalex.org/W2141649307","https://openalex.org/W2144850573","https://openalex.org/W2146831688","https://openalex.org/W2148651585","https://openalex.org/W2153146691","https://openalex.org/W2155069039","https://openalex.org/W2156179539","https://openalex.org/W2158489986","https://openalex.org/W2167271556","https://openalex.org/W2170007928","https://openalex.org/W2476494993","https://openalex.org/W2949392115","https://openalex.org/W3126140319","https://openalex.org/W4242883546"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2465711873","https://openalex.org/W2137553736","https://openalex.org/W7096539592","https://openalex.org/W7095882098","https://openalex.org/W7143852846","https://openalex.org/W27094490","https://openalex.org/W7112297873","https://openalex.org/W7160224187","https://openalex.org/W2947697975","https://openalex.org/W3211496988"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Happy":[0],"people":[1],"seem":[2],"to":[3,191,201],"have":[4],"it":[5],"all--relatively":[6],"stronger":[7],"interpersonal":[8],"relationships,":[9],"higher":[10],"incomes,":[11],"better":[12],"physical":[13],"health,":[14],"and":[15,72,160,194,217,293,304,320,325],"even":[16],"longer":[17],"lives.":[18],"But":[19],"before":[20,89,313],"dismissing":[21],"happy":[22],"people's":[23],"success":[24],"as":[25,64,267,269],"plain":[26],"good":[27],"luck,":[28],"researchers":[29],"should":[30],"investigate":[31],"the":[32,56,99,110,127,139,158,170,177,180,188,196,199,210,240,254,270,276,288,296,302,323],"mechanisms":[33],"by":[34],"which":[35,101,150,235,298],"happiness":[36],"might":[37,329],"engender":[38],"positive":[39,51,83,120,140,211],"outcomes":[40],"across":[41],"multiple":[42],"life":[43],"domains.":[44],"The":[45],"current":[46],"dissertation":[47],"proposes":[48],"that":[49,79,138,278],"inducing":[50],"emotions--the":[52],"hallmark":[53],"of":[54,58,112,129,179,198,291],"happiness--at":[55],"beginning":[57,90,128],"a":[59,65,82,87,91,123,130,162,222,258,311,314],"self-improvement":[60,92,315],"endeavor":[61],"can":[62,317],"act":[63],"trigger":[66,200,312],"for":[67],"promoting":[68],"greater":[69,104,144,154,215,233,237,247,250],"self-reported":[70],"effort":[71,97,145,216,238,248,294,319],"persistence.":[73],"Across":[74],"two":[75],"studies,":[76],"I":[77,136,175],"found":[78,137],"engaging":[80,309],"in":[81,151,184,209,242,310],"writing":[84,113,141,182,212,221,226,257],"task":[85,183,213],"(i.e.,":[86,93,206],"trigger)":[88],"kindness)":[94],"intervention":[95,133,159,189,303],"increased":[96],"during":[98],"intervention,":[100,297],"then":[102],"predicted":[103,143,153,214,236,249,299],"well-being.":[105],"Specifically,":[106],"Study":[107,173,245],"1":[108,305],"examined":[109],"effect":[111],"about":[114,227],"gratitude,":[115],"optimism,":[116],"or":[117],"an":[118],"intensely":[119],"experience":[121],"(versus":[122,225,283],"neutral":[124],"topic)":[125],"at":[126,161,261],"3-week":[131],"kindness":[132],"on":[134,322],"effort.":[135],"tasks":[142],"toward":[146],"performing":[147,326],"kind":[148],"acts,":[149],"turn":[152],"well-being":[155,251,266,300],"immediately":[156,252],"following":[157,253,301],"2-week":[163],"follow-up.":[164],"No":[165],"significant":[166],"differences":[167],"emerged":[168],"among":[169],"triggers.":[171],"In":[172],"2,":[174],"explored":[176],"effects":[178],"gratitude":[181,223,259,281],"more":[185,204],"detail,":[186],"extended":[187],"period":[190],"6":[192],"weeks,":[193],"varied":[195],"deployment":[197],"determine":[202],"whether":[203],"frequent":[205],"weekly)":[207],"engagement":[208],"persistence":[218,321],"throughout.":[219],"After":[220],"letter":[224,260],"their":[228],"week),":[229],"individuals":[230],"reported":[231],"relatively":[232],"elevation,":[234],"throughout":[239,295],"intervention;":[241],"turn,":[243],"replicating":[244],"1,":[246],"intervention.":[255],"Importantly,":[256],"baseline":[262],"did":[263],"not":[264],"influence":[265],"far":[268],"1-month":[271],"follow-up":[272],"time":[273],"point.":[274],"However,":[275],"group":[277],"wrote":[279],"weekly":[280,327],"letters":[282],"all":[284],"other":[285],"conditions)":[286],"showed":[287],"highest":[289],"levels":[290],"elevation":[292],"month":[306],"later.":[307],"Thus,":[308],"program":[316],"promote":[318],"program,":[324],"triggers":[328],"be":[330],"especially":[331],"motivating.":[332]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}