{"id":"https://openalex.org/W49234289","doi":null,"title":"The History, Origins, and Causes of Mass Extinctions","display_name":"The History, Origins, and Causes of Mass Extinctions","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W49234289","mag":"49234289"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:49234289","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ashraf_Elewa/publication/253584386_The_History_Origins_and_Causes_of_Mass_Extinctions/links/559286e508ae7921246eb9da.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306514930","display_name":"JCos","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"JCos","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046362271","display_name":"Ashraf M. T. Elewa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1131-8850","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1131-8850"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ashraf M. T. Elewa","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1131-8850","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5046362271"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6858,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64181053,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":null,"first_page":"201","last_page":"220"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10109","display_name":"Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1911","display_name":"Paleontology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10109","display_name":"Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1911","display_name":"Paleontology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11354","display_name":"Evolution and Paleontology Studies","score":0.005799999926239252,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1911","display_name":"Paleontology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10955","display_name":"Paleontology and Evolutionary Biology","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1911","display_name":"Paleontology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mass-extinction","display_name":"mass extinction","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/devonian-extinction","display_name":"Devonian extinction","score":0.9240000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/end-permian-mass-extinction","display_name":"end-Permian mass extinction","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cretaceous-paleogene-mass-extinction","display_name":"Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction","score":0.8669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cambrian-explosion","display_name":"Cambrian explosion","score":0.9049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sturtian-glaciation","display_name":"Sturtian glaciation","score":0.8830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marinoan-glaciation","display_name":"Marinoan glaciation","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-cooling","display_name":"global cooling","score":0.6510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-warming","display_name":"global warming","score":0.9300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glaciation","display_name":"glaciation","score":0.8159999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sea-level-fluctuations","display_name":"sea-level fluctuations","score":0.8050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/volcanic-eruptions","display_name":"volcanic eruptions","score":0.9559999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asteroid-impact","display_name":"asteroid impact","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gamma-radiation","display_name":"gamma radiation","score":0.6700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plate-tectonics","display_name":"plate tectonics","score":0.9110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease","display_name":"disease","score":0.5669999718666077}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35306142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55814","display_name":"Extinction event","level":4,"score":0.9519004821777344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.6913298964500427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.6528574228286743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91442348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62100","display_name":"Ordovician","level":2,"score":0.6236542463302612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107832698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65955","display_name":"Devonian","level":2,"score":0.5249007940292358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120806208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8072","display_name":"Volcano","level":2,"score":0.4982736110687256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12294951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44626","display_name":"Cretaceous","level":2,"score":0.4944427013397217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39996641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49367","display_name":"Ice age","level":3,"score":0.4779624938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101991246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5422078","display_name":"Extinction (optical mineralogy)","level":2,"score":0.43078261613845825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168816792","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214689","display_name":"Snowball Earth","level":3,"score":0.4298102855682373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15739521","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q602963","display_name":"Glacial period","level":2,"score":0.40195944905281067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1965285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8008","display_name":"Earth science","level":1,"score":0.3708248734474182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87355193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q411","display_name":"Astrobiology","level":1,"score":0.3616313338279724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47559259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778143","display_name":"Biological dispersal","level":3,"score":0.10282868146896362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:49234289","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ashraf_Elewa/publication/253584386_The_History_Origins_and_Causes_of_Mass_Extinctions/links/559286e508ae7921246eb9da.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306514930","display_name":"JCos","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"JCos","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":92,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W7834775","https://openalex.org/W97470658","https://openalex.org/W118741697","https://openalex.org/W165983140","https://openalex.org/W180494368","https://openalex.org/W210959616","https://openalex.org/W214127011","https://openalex.org/W333071450","https://openalex.org/W376863824","https://openalex.org/W1481999034","https://openalex.org/W1482335639","https://openalex.org/W1504825151","https://openalex.org/W1520811922","https://openalex.org/W1601910138","https://openalex.org/W1606532008","https://openalex.org/W1634598038","https://openalex.org/W1891849076","https://openalex.org/W1972857233","https://openalex.org/W1975060999","https://openalex.org/W1976721572","https://openalex.org/W1978580724","https://openalex.org/W1981441352","https://openalex.org/W1984612125","https://openalex.org/W1990103470","https://openalex.org/W1992130775","https://openalex.org/W1994510458","https://openalex.org/W1994959492","https://openalex.org/W1997713847","https://openalex.org/W2004155715","https://openalex.org/W2017759410","https://openalex.org/W2028032600","https://openalex.org/W2029358124","https://openalex.org/W2037777684","https://openalex.org/W2043297535","https://openalex.org/W2043798398","https://openalex.org/W2046849125","https://openalex.org/W2064897838","https://openalex.org/W2066086830","https://openalex.org/W2066787600","https://openalex.org/W2075403935","https://openalex.org/W2076602019","https://openalex.org/W2079911719","https://openalex.org/W2081316493","https://openalex.org/W2087494921","https://openalex.org/W2095241584","https://openalex.org/W2099674340","https://openalex.org/W2100634462","https://openalex.org/W2101343648","https://openalex.org/W2101625633","https://openalex.org/W2103593409","https://openalex.org/W2108538927","https://openalex.org/W2110619496","https://openalex.org/W2114093436","https://openalex.org/W2114329528","https://openalex.org/W2116439684","https://openalex.org/W2116885418","https://openalex.org/W2118811886","https://openalex.org/W2125821575","https://openalex.org/W2126839513","https://openalex.org/W2127587705","https://openalex.org/W2135490410","https://openalex.org/W2144647966","https://openalex.org/W2147032603","https://openalex.org/W2148377177","https://openalex.org/W2150023121","https://openalex.org/W2152175101","https://openalex.org/W2152700412","https://openalex.org/W2157698486","https://openalex.org/W2162344545","https://openalex.org/W2162402178","https://openalex.org/W2164456481","https://openalex.org/W2165717667","https://openalex.org/W2166647921","https://openalex.org/W2168317709","https://openalex.org/W2169780582","https://openalex.org/W2173033023","https://openalex.org/W2174283759","https://openalex.org/W2174670974","https://openalex.org/W2176267207","https://openalex.org/W2180371742","https://openalex.org/W2209761399","https://openalex.org/W2240922858","https://openalex.org/W2315238870","https://openalex.org/W2564458494","https://openalex.org/W2583369066","https://openalex.org/W2962859963","https://openalex.org/W2995676304","https://openalex.org/W2995988996","https://openalex.org/W2998351609","https://openalex.org/W3015531995","https://openalex.org/W3041056769","https://openalex.org/W3093440254"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2605476256","https://openalex.org/W2953730916","https://openalex.org/W4387547327","https://openalex.org/W4229671451","https://openalex.org/W4388328712","https://openalex.org/W2998972608","https://openalex.org/W2151179542","https://openalex.org/W4246313566","https://openalex.org/W2955220220","https://openalex.org/W2591319993"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"history,":[1],"origins,":[2],"and":[3,28,32,39,67,85,103],"causes":[4],"of":[5,11],"mass":[6,35,77],"extinctions,":[7],"from":[8],"the":[9,23,41,47,53,61,68],"creation":[10],"our":[12],"planet":[13],"to":[14,38,50,57,64],"modern":[15],"times,":[16],"are":[17,30,44,74,79],"detailed.":[18],"Mass":[19],"extinc":[20],"tions":[21],"during":[22,40],"Ordovician,":[24],"Devonian,":[25],"Permian,":[26],"Triassic,":[27],"Cretaceous":[29],"reviewed,":[31],"evidence":[33],"for":[34],"extinctions":[36,78],"prior":[37],"Cambrian":[42],"Explosion":[43],"summarized,":[45],"i.e.":[46,82],"Paleoproterozoic":[48],"(2.3":[49],"1.8":[51],"bya),":[52],"Sturtian":[54],"(725":[55],"mya":[56,59],"670":[58],"),":[60],"Marinoan/Gaskiers":[62],"(640":[63],"580":[65],"mya),":[66],"Ediacaran":[69],"extinctions.":[70],"Catastrophic":[71],"conditions":[72],"which":[73],"associated":[75],"with":[76],"also":[80],"detailed,":[81],"global":[83,93],"cooling":[84],"warming,":[86],"major":[87],"glaciation,":[88],"fluctuations":[89],"in":[90],"sea":[91],"level,":[92],"anoxia,":[94],"volcanic":[95],"eruptions,":[96],"asteroid":[97],"impacts,":[98],"plate":[99],"tectonics,":[100],"gamma":[101],"rays,":[102],"disease.":[104]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-09-29T14:09:16.559479","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}