{"id":"https://openalex.org/W49145703","doi":null,"title":"Investigations of Cost-Effective Biodiesel Production from High FFA Feedstock","display_name":"Investigations of Cost-Effective Biodiesel Production from High FFA Feedstock","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W49145703","mag":"49145703"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ir.lib.uwo.ca:etd-3241","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/1816","pdf_url":"https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/1816","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400648","display_name":"Scholarship@Western (Western University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I125749732","host_organization_name":"Western University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/1816","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080028036","display_name":"Lesmes Sanchez","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lesmes Sanchez","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001890942","display_name":"N Lesly","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N Lesly","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.00405413,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10507","display_name":"Biodiesel Production and Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2103","display_name":"Fuel Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10507","display_name":"Biodiesel Production and Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2103","display_name":"Fuel Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11351","display_name":"Catalysis and Hydrodesulfurization Studies","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1503","display_name":"Catalysis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10088","display_name":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2103","display_name":"Fuel Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biodiesel-production","display_name":"biodiesel production","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-free-fatty-acid-feedstock","display_name":"high free fatty acid feedstock","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transesterification","display_name":"transesterification","score":0.9020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/esterification","display_name":"esterification","score":0.9470000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/potassium-carbonate-catalyst","display_name":"potassium carbonate catalyst","score":0.8820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/potassium-hydroxide-catalyst","display_name":"potassium hydroxide catalyst","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sulphuric-acid-catalyst","display_name":"sulphuric acid catalyst","score":0.8510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/canola-oil","display_name":"canola oil","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oleic-acid","display_name":"oleic acid","score":0.8190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semi-batch-reactor","display_name":"semi-batch reactor","score":0.828000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-separation","display_name":"phase separation","score":0.7390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-tolerance","display_name":"water tolerance","score":0.5189999938011169}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206139338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192355","display_name":"Raw material","level":2,"score":0.7558276653289795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45235069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q278425","display_name":"Table (database)","level":2,"score":0.6651431918144226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.5360878109931946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C528095902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2283886","display_name":"Pulp and paper industry","level":1,"score":0.34647780656814575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.23691052198410034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.20598742365837097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.16093534231185913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.15813636779785156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.1546550989151001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.05496859550476074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:ir.lib.uwo.ca:etd-3241","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/1816","pdf_url":"https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/1816","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400648","display_name":"Scholarship@Western (Western University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I125749732","host_organization_name":"Western University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.683.656","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.683.656","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://ir.lib.uwo.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article%3D3241%26context%3Detd","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:uwo.scholaris.ca:20.500.14721/36834","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14721/36834","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400648","display_name":"Scholarship@Western (Western University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I125749732","host_organization_name":"Western University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"thesis"},{"id":"mag:49145703","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://ir.lib.uwo.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3241&context=etd","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ir.lib.uwo.ca:etd-3241","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/1816","pdf_url":"https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/1816","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400648","display_name":"Scholarship@Western (Western University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I125749732","host_organization_name":"Western University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9090999960899353,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"},{"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","score":0.824999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12"},{"display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.40450000762939453,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W49145703.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W49145703.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":98,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W53499637","https://openalex.org/W110971327","https://openalex.org/W135963341","https://openalex.org/W195589065","https://openalex.org/W381514918","https://openalex.org/W1497069719","https://openalex.org/W1531931873","https://openalex.org/W1602318830","https://openalex.org/W1621079680","https://openalex.org/W1626472074","https://openalex.org/W1963810724","https://openalex.org/W1969601967","https://openalex.org/W1970736710","https://openalex.org/W1971250480","https://openalex.org/W1972826321","https://openalex.org/W1977522069","https://openalex.org/W1978533185","https://openalex.org/W1981040541","https://openalex.org/W1984797204","https://openalex.org/W1986349129","https://openalex.org/W1987835571","https://openalex.org/W1991628025","https://openalex.org/W1991710340","https://openalex.org/W1995870228","https://openalex.org/W1996272349","https://openalex.org/W1997334411","https://openalex.org/W1997739936","https://openalex.org/W2001477640","https://openalex.org/W2003765237","https://openalex.org/W2004103709","https://openalex.org/W2005356898","https://openalex.org/W2007517927","https://openalex.org/W2014063491","https://openalex.org/W2014349581","https://openalex.org/W2014668342","https://openalex.org/W2015077797","https://openalex.org/W2016003664","https://openalex.org/W2020930645","https://openalex.org/W2022363613","https://openalex.org/W2028760790","https://openalex.org/W2033301200","https://openalex.org/W2035965284","https://openalex.org/W2038783256","https://openalex.org/W2040201922","https://openalex.org/W2041440691","https://openalex.org/W2041806583","https://openalex.org/W2041865803","https://openalex.org/W2044971859","https://openalex.org/W2045115429","https://openalex.org/W2045422494","https://openalex.org/W2047274900","https://openalex.org/W2049543021","https://openalex.org/W2050956365","https://openalex.org/W2058446072","https://openalex.org/W2061610655","https://openalex.org/W2062219808","https://openalex.org/W2066493033","https://openalex.org/W2066547907","https://openalex.org/W2067836146","https://openalex.org/W2068125093","https://openalex.org/W2070115819","https://openalex.org/W2071736965","https://openalex.org/W2072462437","https://openalex.org/W2073320336","https://openalex.org/W2073419505","https://openalex.org/W2074448427","https://openalex.org/W2076148906","https://openalex.org/W2076337967","https://openalex.org/W2078877281","https://openalex.org/W2079897326","https://openalex.org/W2080469801","https://openalex.org/W2080560383","https://openalex.org/W2083744890","https://openalex.org/W2084398288","https://openalex.org/W2084887599","https://openalex.org/W2086302085","https://openalex.org/W2089049624","https://openalex.org/W2090831153","https://openalex.org/W2093330864","https://openalex.org/W2094581262","https://openalex.org/W2095942007","https://openalex.org/W2096530864","https://openalex.org/W2098903042","https://openalex.org/W2105579132","https://openalex.org/W2108253445","https://openalex.org/W2121240944","https://openalex.org/W2124872567","https://openalex.org/W2135239459","https://openalex.org/W2144276552","https://openalex.org/W2144407941","https://openalex.org/W2156886862","https://openalex.org/W2159959568","https://openalex.org/W2160866415","https://openalex.org/W2169269140","https://openalex.org/W2318655953","https://openalex.org/W2571821798","https://openalex.org/W3164054427","https://openalex.org/W3201818992"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2044395296","https://openalex.org/W2153911459","https://openalex.org/W2247584261","https://openalex.org/W2514795078","https://openalex.org/W7100782353","https://openalex.org/W6987825069","https://openalex.org/W2347777734","https://openalex.org/W2181599074","https://openalex.org/W7208299577","https://openalex.org/W2748461650"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Commercial":[0],"production":[1,171],"of":[2,40,143,152,172],"biodiesel":[3,23,141,173],"from":[4,174],"refined":[5,67],"vegetable":[6],"oils":[7],"has":[8],"been":[9],"widely":[10],"practiced.":[11],"However,":[12],"more":[13,84],"economic":[14],"raw":[15],"materials":[16],"are":[17],"required":[18],"in":[19,25,88,114,169],"order":[20],"to":[21,59,86,97,111,118,129,179,182],"make":[22],"competitive":[24],"the":[26,89,164,170],"fuel":[27],"market.":[28],"This":[29,50],"is":[30,83,131,145,167],"a":[31,61,140,150],"challenge":[32],"since":[33],"low-cost":[34],"lipid":[35],"feedstock":[36,177],"contains":[37],"high":[38,74,175],"concentrations":[39],"free":[41],"fatty":[42],"acids":[43],"(FFA)":[44],"and":[45,56,63,70,91,109,139,155],"water,":[46],"which":[47],"inhibit":[48],"transesterification.":[49],"work":[51],"investigates":[52],"new":[53],"catalyst":[54,138],"combinations":[55],"method":[57],"configuration":[58],"develop":[60],"cost-effective":[62],"suitable":[64],"process":[65,117,166],"utilizing":[66],"canola":[68,71],"oil":[69,72],"with":[73],"oleic":[75],"acid":[76,136],"content.":[77],"Results":[78],"suggest":[79],"that":[80,163],"potassium":[81,100,153,156],"carbonate":[82,154],"tolerant":[85],"water":[87],"feed":[90],"enhances":[92],"phase":[93],"separation":[94],"when":[95],"compared":[96,110],"traditional":[98],"catalyst,":[99],"hydroxide.":[101],"A":[102],"semi-batch":[103],"reactor":[104],"operating":[105],"mode":[106],"was":[107],"tested":[108],"conventional":[112],"batch":[113],"two-step":[115,165],"esterification-transesterification":[116],"investigate":[119],"mixing":[120],"effects.":[121],"Based":[122],"on":[123],"experimental":[124],"results,":[125],"esterification":[126],"conversion":[127],"close":[128],"99%":[130],"achieved":[132],"by":[133],"using":[134],"sulphuric":[135],"as":[137,158],"yield":[142],"93.6%":[144],"obtained":[146],"after":[147],"transesterification":[148],"employing":[149],"combination":[151],"hydroxide":[157],"catalysts.":[159],"Chemical":[160],"characterization":[161],"revealed":[162],"effective":[168],"FFA":[176],"leading":[178],"an":[180],"up":[181],"standard":[183],"quality":[184],"product.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
