{"id":"https://openalex.org/W48233442","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20160251","title":"Income-Induced Expenditure Switching","display_name":"Income-Induced Expenditure Switching","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-11-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W48233442","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20160251","mag":"48233442"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1257/aer.20160251","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20160251","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20160251","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23254222","display_name":"American Economic Review","issn_l":"0002-8282","issn":["0002-8282","1944-7981"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-1-star","ft50","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315912","host_organization_name":"American Economic Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315912"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Economic Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Economic Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057003372","display_name":"Rudolfs Bems","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rudolfs Bems","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Public Policy, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan (e-mail: )"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Public Policy, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan (e-mail: )","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071184783","display_name":"Julian di Giovanni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6864-6401","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6864-6401"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11932220","display_name":"Instituci\u00f3 Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avan\u00e7ats","ror":"https://ror.org/0371hy230","country_code":"ES","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11932220"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170486558","display_name":"Universitat Pompeu Fabra","ror":"https://ror.org/04n0g0b29","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170486558"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42134832","display_name":"Barcelona School of Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/02k09n368","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I42134832"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julian di Giovanni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics and Business, Universitat Pompeu Fabra Ramon Trias Fargas 25-27, Barcelona 08005, Spain, ICREA, Barcelona GSE, CREI, and CEPR (e-mail: )"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics and Business, Universitat Pompeu Fabra Ramon Trias Fargas 25-27, Barcelona 08005, Spain, ICREA, Barcelona GSE, CREI, and CEPR (e-mail: )","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11932220","https://openalex.org/I170486558","https://openalex.org/I42134832"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.1967,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.977006,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"106","issue":"12","first_page":"3898","last_page":"3931"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.48829999566078186,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.48829999566078186,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11898","display_name":"Economics of Agriculture and Food Markets","score":0.3889000117778778,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11161","display_name":"Consumer Market Behavior and Pricing","score":0.07940000295639038,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1406","display_name":"Marketing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/income-effects","display_name":"income effects","score":0.7440000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expenditure-switching","display_name":"expenditure switching","score":0.9110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consumer-substitution","display_name":"consumer substitution","score":0.6679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relative-prices","display_name":"relative prices","score":0.6549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/2008-financial-crisis","display_name":"2008 financial crisis","score":0.8970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scanner-data","display_name":"scanner data","score":0.5899999737739563}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.8070080280303955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780375031","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9078","display_name":"Latvian","level":2,"score":0.49085623025894165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90673727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.47136011719703674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185782297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2142538","display_name":"Relative price","level":2,"score":0.4620939791202545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C556758197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580018","display_name":"Monetary economics","level":1,"score":0.3853335380554199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.3722914457321167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.3398562967777252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1257/aer.20160251","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20160251","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20160251","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23254222","display_name":"American Economic Review","issn_l":"0002-8282","issn":["0002-8282","1944-7981"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-1-star","ft50","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315912","host_organization_name":"American Economic Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315912"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Economic Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Economic Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:aea:aecrev:v:106:y:2016:i:12:p:3898-3931","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/aer.20160251","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","display_name":"No poverty","score":0.5099999904632568}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1497435479","https://openalex.org/W1503799017","https://openalex.org/W1585182641","https://openalex.org/W1981310049","https://openalex.org/W1984944501","https://openalex.org/W1990320303","https://openalex.org/W1990950270","https://openalex.org/W2005817364","https://openalex.org/W2010512241","https://openalex.org/W2014245578","https://openalex.org/W2027117074","https://openalex.org/W2027738900","https://openalex.org/W2034216689","https://openalex.org/W2043287763","https://openalex.org/W2048115123","https://openalex.org/W2071493879","https://openalex.org/W2075989142","https://openalex.org/W2102109298","https://openalex.org/W2104631853","https://openalex.org/W2105360587","https://openalex.org/W2114226672","https://openalex.org/W2116864762","https://openalex.org/W2119086120","https://openalex.org/W2129443018","https://openalex.org/W2135721742","https://openalex.org/W2136450150","https://openalex.org/W2146840075","https://openalex.org/W2147395726","https://openalex.org/W2150163327","https://openalex.org/W2151350286","https://openalex.org/W2162036811","https://openalex.org/W2166484226","https://openalex.org/W2170513424","https://openalex.org/W2188971108","https://openalex.org/W2565224734","https://openalex.org/W2890243051","https://openalex.org/W2891377207","https://openalex.org/W2891528170","https://openalex.org/W2891778208","https://openalex.org/W3022767544","https://openalex.org/W3024961492","https://openalex.org/W3121169821","https://openalex.org/W3122007731","https://openalex.org/W3122154853","https://openalex.org/W3122269632","https://openalex.org/W3123566328","https://openalex.org/W3124203685","https://openalex.org/W3125415624","https://openalex.org/W3126099283","https://openalex.org/W3126112632","https://openalex.org/W4232459340","https://openalex.org/W4240030374","https://openalex.org/W4253659965"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2891763553","https://openalex.org/W1965317750","https://openalex.org/W7098093894","https://openalex.org/W2006946796","https://openalex.org/W4387431859","https://openalex.org/W3121755707","https://openalex.org/W1527432326","https://openalex.org/W2332454964","https://openalex.org/W1607729246","https://openalex.org/W1592177851"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"shows":[2],"that":[3],"an":[4],"income":[5],"effect":[6],"can":[7],"drive":[8],"expenditure":[9,33,89],"switching":[10,34,92],"between":[11],"domestic":[12,69],"and":[13,43],"imported":[14],"goods.":[15],"We":[16],"use":[17],"a":[18,77],"unique":[19],"Latvian":[20],"scanner-level":[21],"dataset,":[22],"covering":[23],"the":[24,39,87],"2008\u20132009":[25],"crisis,":[26],"to":[27,67,75],"document":[28],"several":[29],"empirical":[30],"findings.":[31],"First,":[32],"accounted":[35],"for":[36],"one-third":[37],"of":[38,79,86],"fall":[40],"in":[41,58,99],"imports,":[42],"took":[44],"place":[45],"within":[46],"narrowly":[47],"defined":[48],"product":[49],"groups.":[50],"Second,":[51],"there":[52],"was":[53],"no":[54],"corresponding":[55],"within-group":[56],"change":[57],"relative":[59,100],"prices.":[60,101],"Third,":[61],"consumers":[62],"substituted":[63],"from":[64],"expensive":[65],"imports":[66],"cheaper":[68],"alternatives.":[70],"These":[71],"findings":[72],"motivate":[73],"us":[74],"estimate":[76],"model":[78],"nonhomothetic":[80],"consumer":[81],"demand,":[82],"which":[83],"explains":[84],"two-thirds":[85],"observed":[88],"switching.":[90],"Estimated":[91],"is":[93],"driven":[94],"by":[95],"income,":[96],"not":[97],"changes":[98],"(JEL":[102],"E21,":[103],"F14,":[104],"F31,":[105],"F32,":[106],"I11,":[107],"L81)":[108]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}