{"id":"https://openalex.org/W47772776","doi":null,"title":"The Efficacy and Safety of Electronic Cigarettes as a Tobacco Cessation Product","display_name":"The Efficacy and Safety of Electronic Cigarettes as a Tobacco Cessation Product","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W47772776","mag":"47772776"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.922.3046","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.922.3046","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://commons.pacificu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article%3D1503%26context%3Dpa","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073503701","display_name":"Leza J Hayes","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210149261","display_name":"Pacific University","ror":"https://ror.org/059z5w858","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210149261"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Leza J Hayes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pacific University#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pacific University#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210149261"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073503701"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210149261"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.00544315,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10060","display_name":"Smoking Behavior and Cessation","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10060","display_name":"Smoking Behavior and Cessation","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10043","display_name":"Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11651","display_name":"Inhalation and Respiratory Drug Delivery","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/e-cigarettes","display_name":"electronic cigarettes","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoking-cessation","display_name":"smoking cessation","score":0.8199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/e-cigarette-safety","display_name":"e-cigarette safety","score":0.7710000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nicotine-withdrawal","display_name":"nicotine withdrawal","score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/passive-smoking","display_name":"passive smoking","score":0.7609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regulatory-oversight","display_name":"regulatory oversight","score":0.6830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/harm-reduction","display_name":"harm reduction","score":0.47699999809265137}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8275102376937866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776970978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189511","display_name":"Electronic cigarette","level":2,"score":0.7561837434768677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777843972","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2462253","display_name":"Smoking cessation","level":2,"score":0.6929133534431458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781145037","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5011772","display_name":"CINAHL","level":3,"score":0.6495406031608582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23131810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q818574","display_name":"Observational study","level":2,"score":0.6083964109420776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.5366404056549072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168563851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436668","display_name":"Randomized controlled trial","level":2,"score":0.49972963333129883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197934379","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2047938","display_name":"Adverse effect","level":2,"score":0.4706909954547882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780832096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17005010","display_name":"Tobacco control","level":3,"score":0.46043649315834045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535046627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612","display_name":"Clinical trial","level":2,"score":0.44944101572036743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.4392305016517639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.3704535961151123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.2514638304710388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.22187942266464233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.13641592860221863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.12403333187103271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.07760977745056152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.922.3046","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.922.3046","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://commons.pacificu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article%3D1503%26context%3Dpa","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:commons.pacificu.edu:pa-1503","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://commons.pacificu.edu/pa/470","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196976","display_name":"CommonKnowledge Research Repository (Pacific University Oregon)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I108541056","host_organization_name":"Pacific University Oregon","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108541056"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"School of Physician Assistant Studies","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:47772776","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://commons.pacificu.edu/pa/470/","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Systematic Review","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2018025167","https://openalex.org/W2021992814","https://openalex.org/W2032302116","https://openalex.org/W2064563246","https://openalex.org/W2096533285","https://openalex.org/W2106457238","https://openalex.org/W2128364692","https://openalex.org/W2128456085","https://openalex.org/W2135151757","https://openalex.org/W2135504811","https://openalex.org/W2137599927","https://openalex.org/W2167769921","https://openalex.org/W3022870108"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6943881106","https://openalex.org/W2153050779","https://openalex.org/W4415789022","https://openalex.org/W2344559661","https://openalex.org/W3092450595","https://openalex.org/W2981935955","https://openalex.org/W2256162616","https://openalex.org/W4389560503","https://openalex.org/W2291734709","https://openalex.org/W2802689315"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"Tobacco":[1],"smoking":[2,29,50,275],"or":[3],"secondhand":[4],"smoke":[5],"exposure":[6],"is":[7,74,79,237,248,260],"the":[8,15,31,67,86,113,133,232,245,253,269],"leading":[9],"cause":[10],"of":[11,54,71,82,90,132,136,231,257,263,271],"preventable":[12],"death":[13],"in":[14,30,156,244,285],"U.S.":[16,246],"Between":[17],"2000":[18],"and":[19,41,52,69,88,108,118,255],"2004,":[20],"an":[21,203],"estimated":[22],"442":[23],"100":[24],"deaths":[25],"were":[26,124,154],"attributable":[27],"to":[28,60,144,183,215,221,241,250,265],"United":[32],"States.":[33],"Products":[34],"exist":[35],"that":[36,211],"can":[37],"increase":[38,222],"cessation":[39,96,164,223,276],"rates":[40,165,224],"reduce":[42],"this":[43,157,278],"risk.":[44],"E-cigarettes":[45,217],"have":[46,61,218],"gained":[47],"popularity":[48],"for":[49,126,274],"cessation/reduction":[51],"mitigation":[53],"withdrawal":[55],"effects":[56],"while":[57],"still":[58],"continuing":[59],"a":[62,80,94,173,189,261],"\u201csmoking":[63],"experience\u201d.":[64],"Research":[65],"investigating":[66],"efficacy":[68,87],"safety":[70,89,243],"electronic":[72,91,115,272],"cigarettes":[73,92,273],"limited.":[75],"This":[76],"systematic":[77,158],"review":[78],"summary":[81],"applicable":[83],"studies":[84,150,161,283],"regarding":[85],"as":[93],"tobacco":[95],"product.\\nMethods:":[97],"An":[98],"exhaustive":[99],"medical":[100],"literature":[101],"search":[102,131],"was":[103,142,234],"performed":[104,143],"using":[105,112],"Medline-OVID,":[106],"CINAHL,":[107],"Health":[109,137],"Reference":[110],"Center-Academic":[111],"keywords:":[114],"cigarette,":[116],"e-cigarette,":[117],"e":[119],"cigarette.":[120],"The":[121,170,186,200],"included":[122,155],"articles":[123],"assessed":[125],"quality":[127,230],"utilizing":[128],"GRADE.":[129],"A":[130],"National":[134],"Institute":[135],"(NIH)":[138],"clinical":[139],"trials":[140],"website":[141],"detect":[145,184],"currently":[146],"registered":[147],"trials.\\nResults:":[148],"Three":[149],"meeting":[151],"inclusion":[152],"criteria":[153],"review.":[159],"All":[160],"reported":[162,209],"increased":[163],"without":[166,225],"significant":[167,226],"adverse":[168,227],"effects.":[169,228],"first":[171],"study,":[172,188,202],"randomized":[174,190,281],"controlled":[175,282],"trial":[176],"with":[177,194,206],"657":[178],"participants,":[179,208],"lacked":[180],"statistical":[181,198],"power":[182],"difference.":[185],"second":[187],"control":[191],"design":[192],"study":[193,205],"300":[195],"participants":[196],"demonstrated":[197],"significance.":[199],"third":[201],"observational":[204],"40":[207],"results":[210],"could":[212],"be":[213],"due":[214],"chance.\\nConclusion:":[216],"been":[219],"shown":[220],"However,":[229],"e-cigarette":[233],"inconsistent.":[235],"There":[236,259],"no":[238],"regulatory":[239],"oversight":[240],"guarantee":[242],"Evidence":[247],"insufficient":[249],"properly":[251],"assess":[252],"benefits":[254],"harms":[256],"e-cigarettes.":[258],"lack":[262],"evidence":[264],"support":[266],"routinely":[267],"recommending":[268],"use":[270],"at":[277],"time.":[279],"Further":[280],"are":[284],"progress.":[286]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}