{"id":"https://openalex.org/W47691230","doi":null,"title":"Liberty, identity, and human cloning.","display_name":"Liberty, identity, and human cloning.","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W47691230","mag":"47691230","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11660439"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:11660439","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11660439","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Texas law review","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=84948","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110425590","display_name":"John A. Robertson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"John A Robertson","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Law"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Law","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5110425590"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9418,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":45,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8971135,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"76","issue":"6","first_page":"1371","last_page":"456"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13147","display_name":"Ethics and bioethics in healthcare","score":0.5503000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13147","display_name":"Ethics and bioethics in healthcare","score":0.5503000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14307","display_name":"Bioethics and Human Rights Issues","score":0.11699999868869781,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13417","display_name":"Biomedical Ethics and Regulation","score":0.09300000220537186,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-cloning","display_name":"human cloning","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reproductive-autonomy","display_name":"reproductive autonomy","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personal-identity","display_name":"personal identity","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/individuality","display_name":"individuality","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/family","display_name":"family","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/assisted-reproductive-technology","display_name":"assisted reproduction","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dolly-the-sheep","display_name":"Dolly the sheep","score":0.8330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/national-bioethics-advisory-commission","display_name":"National Bioethics Advisory Commission","score":0.7609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embryo-research-ethics","display_name":"embryo research ethics","score":0.39500001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surrogacy","display_name":"surrogacy","score":0.6439999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gamete-donation","display_name":"gamete donation","score":0.8690000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infertility-treatment","display_name":"infertility treatment","score":0.39399999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moral-status-of-clones","display_name":"moral status of clones","score":0.39800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bioethics","display_name":"bioethics","score":0.3449999988079071}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175000728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q586573","display_name":"Human cloning","level":2,"score":0.8906574249267578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.5744451284408569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121050878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5135020","display_name":"Cloning (programming)","level":2,"score":0.5433509945869446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188084074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194294","display_name":"Bioethics","level":2,"score":0.48803701996803284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4819219410419464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202438428","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1939923","display_name":"Somatic cell nuclear transfer","level":5,"score":0.4650709629058838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.4445400536060333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994278967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7314318","display_name":"Reproductive technology","level":4,"score":0.4398540258407593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.35393965244293213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.258308082818985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.21003401279449463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778177303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q227717","display_name":"Blastocyst","level":4,"score":0.0898430347442627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87073359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33196","display_name":"Embryogenesis","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196843134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33196","display_name":"Embryo","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000827","descriptor_name":"Animal Welfare","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003068","descriptor_name":"Coercion","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004622","descriptor_name":"Embryo, Mammalian","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004989","descriptor_name":"Ethics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005053","descriptor_name":"Eugenics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005195","descriptor_name":"Family Relations","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005249","descriptor_name":"Fees and Charges","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005610","descriptor_name":"Freedom","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005796","descriptor_name":"Genes","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005818","descriptor_name":"Genetic Engineering","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005824","descriptor_name":"Genetics, Behavioral","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006076","descriptor_name":"Government","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006805","descriptor_name":"Human Experimentation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006806","descriptor_name":"Human Rights","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007246","descriptor_name":"Infertility","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007258","descriptor_name":"Informed Consent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008722","descriptor_name":"Methods","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009042","descriptor_name":"Motivation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009927","descriptor_name":"Tissue and Organ Procurement","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010290","descriptor_name":"Parents","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010375","descriptor_name":"Pedigree","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011050","descriptor_name":"Policy Making","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011640","descriptor_name":"Public Policy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012098","descriptor_name":"Reproduction","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012106","descriptor_name":"Research","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012306","descriptor_name":"Risk","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012926","descriptor_name":"Social Control, Formal","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014019","descriptor_name":"Tissue Donors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014427","descriptor_name":"Twins","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015974","descriptor_name":"Wrongful Life","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017408","descriptor_name":"Guidelines as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018570","descriptor_name":"Risk Assessment","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019976","descriptor_name":"Cloning, Organism","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D024861","descriptor_name":"Genetic Enhancement","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D026683","descriptor_name":"Advisory Committees","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D026684","descriptor_name":"Personal Autonomy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D027724","descriptor_name":"Reproductive Techniques, Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D030801","descriptor_name":"Animals, Genetically Modified","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D030881","descriptor_name":"Disclosure","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D032761","descriptor_name":"Animal Experimentation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D033041","descriptor_name":"Embryo Research","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D033141","descriptor_name":"Genetic Determinism","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D033161","descriptor_name":"Government Regulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D033182","descriptor_name":"Intention","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D035082","descriptor_name":"Federal Government","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D037141","descriptor_name":"Mandatory Programs","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:11660439","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11660439","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Texas law review","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"mag:3123415503","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=84948","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.library.georgetown.edu:10822/533124","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10822/533124","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402467","display_name":"DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210145449","host_organization_name":"Center for Security and Emerging Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"189371","raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:47691230","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11660439","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"mag:3123415503","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=84948","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4388090306","https://openalex.org/W1973069561","https://openalex.org/W4298479308","https://openalex.org/W1903812035","https://openalex.org/W66425871","https://openalex.org/W2089512195","https://openalex.org/W4388245000","https://openalex.org/W2191375597","https://openalex.org/W2475825848","https://openalex.org/W4233005122"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"John":[0],"A.":[1],"Robertson*":[2],"Introduction":[3],"The":[4,67,113,340,537],"announcement":[5],"in":[6,29,90,161,180,183,256,384,424,442,520,553,597,610,630],"February":[7],"1997":[8],"of":[9,12,21,37,54,62,69,76,80,84,92,136,193,240,284,323,331,353,391,435,461,471,500,518,569,624],"the":[10,14,18,35,50,59,74,93,97,134,153,189,212,280,351,385,389,410,433,443,459,514,575,625,649],"birth":[11,68],"Dolly,":[13,43],"sheep":[15],"cloned":[16],"from":[17,247,415,592],"mammary":[19],"cells":[20,250],"an":[22,124,633],"adult":[23,248],"ewe,":[24],"was":[25],"a":[26,131,145,194,228,289,299,481,486,566,598,602],"turning":[27],"point":[28],"ethical":[30,44],"and":[31,45,52,57,65,82,96,151,182,207,219,262,282,337,344,396,465,612],"social":[32],"debates":[33],"over":[34],"use":[36,135,297,352,608],"assisted":[38,472],"reproductive":[39,397,449,613],"technologies.":[40,450],"Prior":[41],"to":[42,78,99,111,159,204,214,301,308,313,328,335,355,382,468,490,528,539,561,607],"legal":[46],"debate":[47,77,107],"focused":[48],"on":[49,58,133,149,230],"creation":[51],"discard":[53],"human":[55,94,116,140,173,200,231,234,267],"embryos":[56],"kinship":[60],"effects":[61],"gamete":[63],"donation":[64],"surrogacy.'":[66],"Dolly":[70,121],"has":[71,251],"now":[72],"shifted":[73],"focus":[75],"issues":[79,104],"selection":[81,503],"engineering":[83],"offspring":[85],"traits.":[86],"With":[87],"rapid":[88],"advances":[89],"knowledge":[91],"genome":[95,635,652],"ability":[98],"manipulate":[100],"genes":[101,519,544,581,600,644],"forthcoming,":[102],"these":[103,357,426,436],"will":[105,645],"occupy":[106],"for":[108,139,144,166,202,227,295,318,605],"some":[109],"time":[110,577],"come.":[112],"prospect":[114],"that":[115,198,266,365,530,578,619,643],"cloning":[117,141,174,176,201,235,285,324,354,452,462],"might":[118],"soon":[119],"follow":[120],"brought":[122],"forth":[123],"immediate":[125],"political":[126],"reaction.":[127],"President":[128,208],"Clinton":[129,209],"declared":[130],"ban":[132],"federal":[137,195],"funds":[138],"research,":[142],"called":[143,226],"private":[146],"sector":[147],"moratorium":[148],"cloning,":[150,268],"asked":[152],"National":[154],"Bioethics":[155],"Advisory":[156],"Commission":[157],"(NBAC)":[158],"report":[160],"ninety":[162],"days":[163],"its":[164,241,296],"recommendations":[165],"public":[167],"policy":[168,345],"regarding":[169],"cloning.2":[170],"Bills":[171],"banning":[172],"or":[175,221,273,304,312,316,363,367,431,572],"research":[177],"were":[178],"introduced":[179],"Congress":[181],"several":[184],"states.3":[185],"In":[186],"early":[187,238],"June,":[188],"NBAC":[190],"recommended":[191],"enactment":[192],"criminal":[196],"law":[197],"banned":[199],"up":[203],"five":[205],"years,4":[206],"promptly":[210],"submitted":[211],"request":[213],"Congress.5":[215],"Several":[216],"foreign":[217],"countries":[218],"national":[220],"international":[222],"advisory":[223],"bodies":[224],"also":[225,585],"prohibition":[229,366],"cloning.6":[232],"Opposing":[233],"at":[236,403,409],"this":[237,373,454,508],"stage":[239],"development":[242],"is":[243,349,370,376,474,510,653],"easy.":[244,378],"Nuclear":[245],"transfer":[246],"somatic":[249],"not":[252,270,377,479,551,646],"yet":[253,615],"been":[254],"replicated":[255],"other":[257,469],"species,":[258],"much":[259,591],"less":[260],"humans,":[261],"initial":[263],"impressions":[264],"are":[265,286,401,463,477,526,535,545,595],"if":[269,550],"simply":[271],"bizarre":[272],"hubristic,":[274],"serves":[275],"few":[276],"pressing":[277],"needs.":[278],"If":[279],"safety":[281],"efficacy":[283],"established,":[287],"however,":[288,375,563],"persuasive":[290],"case":[291],"can":[292,418],"be":[293,329],"made":[294],"as":[298,438,489,497,505,547],"technique":[300],"assist":[302],"infertile":[303],"genetically":[305],"at-risk":[306],"couples":[307],"have":[309,336],"healthy":[310],"children":[311],"procure":[314],"tissue":[315],"organs":[317],"transplant.":[319],"As":[320],"such,":[321],"utilization":[322],"technology":[325],"would":[326],"appear":[327],"part":[330,623],"one's":[332],"fundamental":[333],"right":[334],"rear":[338],"children.'":[339],"key":[341],"ethical,":[342],"legal,":[343],"question":[346,509],"then":[347],"posed":[348],"whether":[350,491],"achieve":[356],"goals":[358],"presents":[359],"such":[360,504],"special":[361],"risks":[362,460,564],"problems":[364],"close":[368],"regulation":[369],"justified.":[371],"Answering":[372],"question,":[374],"Cloning":[379],"forces":[380],"us":[381],"rethink":[383],"most":[386],"basic":[387],"way":[388],"meaning":[390,434],"individuality,":[392],"personal":[393,522],"identity,":[394],"family,":[395],"liberty.":[398],"These":[399],"concepts":[400,437],"well-formed":[402],"their":[404,582],"core,":[405],"but":[406,484,532],"they":[407,557,620],"blur":[408],"margins.":[411],"Reasoning":[412],"by":[413,447,513],"analogy":[414],"core":[416],"cases":[417],"carry":[419],"one":[420,579,584],"only":[421,622],"so":[422],"far":[423],"defining":[425],"terms.":[427],"We":[428,594],"must":[429,586],"define":[430],"create":[432],"we":[439,476,492,616,641],"apply":[440],"them":[441,609],"various":[444],"situations":[445],"presented":[446],"new":[448],"Human":[451],"illustrates":[453],"dilemma":[455],"perfectly":[456],"well.":[457],"When":[458],"considered":[464],"cloning's":[466],"relation":[467],"practices":[470],"reproduction":[473],"clarified,":[475],"left,":[478],"with":[480,485],"clear":[482,533],"answer,":[483],"constitutive":[487],"decision":[488],"should":[493],"view":[494],"procreative":[495],"liberty":[496],"including":[498],"techniques":[499],"positive":[501],"genetic":[502,570],"cloning.":[506],"Resolving":[507],"further":[511],"complicated":[512],"still":[515],"uncertain":[516],"role":[517],"forming":[521],"identity.":[523],"Many":[524],"scientists":[525],"committed":[527],"uncovering":[529],"role,":[531],"answers":[534],"elusive.":[536],"desire":[538],"clone":[540],"arises":[541],"precisely":[542],"because":[543],"viewed":[546],"highly":[548],"important,":[549],"crucial,":[552],"making":[554],"people":[555,606],"who":[556],"are.":[558],"Assigning":[559],"significance":[560],"genes,":[562],"becoming":[565],"crude":[567],"form":[568],"essentialism":[571],"determinism.":[573],"At":[574],"same":[576],"grants":[580],"due,":[583],"guard":[587],"against":[588],"expecting":[589],"too":[590],"them.":[593],"thus":[596],"bind:":[599],"count":[601],"lot,":[603],"enough":[604],"medical":[611],"decisionmaking,":[614],"simultaneously":[617],"know":[618,642],"represent":[621],"story.":[626],"Situations":[627],"may":[628],"arise":[629],"which":[631],"replicating":[632],"existing":[634],"makes":[636],"good":[637],"sense":[638],"even":[639],"though":[640],"totally":[647],"replicate":[648],"person":[650],"whose":[651],"chosen.":[654],"\u2026":[655]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}