{"id":"https://openalex.org/W47065624","doi":null,"title":"An example of a clinical trial in patients with Alzheimer's disease: some methodological issues.","display_name":"An example of a clinical trial in patients with Alzheimer's disease: some methodological issues.","publication_year":1989,"publication_date":"1989-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W47065624","mag":"47065624","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2690098"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:2690098","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2690098","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Progress in clinical and biological research","raw_type":"Clinical Trial"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001802590","display_name":"Ugo Lucca","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0452-3215","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0452-3215"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19630809","display_name":"Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research","ror":"https://ror.org/05aspc753","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19630809","https://openalex.org/I4210110338","https://openalex.org/I4210153126"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"U Lucca","raw_affiliation_strings":["Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri Milan, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19630809"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085645923","display_name":"G. Menasce","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G Menasce","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084829221","display_name":"Mario Comelli","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M Comelli","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032335007","display_name":"Giovanni Cizza","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G Cizza","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027363621","display_name":"Sergio Bressi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S Bressi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054064849","display_name":"Lucilla Frattura","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L Frattura","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052325805","display_name":"Pietro Tiraboschi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2171-1720","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2171-1720"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P Tiraboschi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"A Spagnoli","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A Spagnoli","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.00386612,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"317","issue":null,"first_page":"1301","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10009","display_name":"Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research","score":0.8291000127792358,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10009","display_name":"Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research","score":0.8291000127792358,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10086","display_name":"Alzheimer's disease research and treatments","score":0.13459999859333038,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11235","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials","score":0.023499999195337296,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alzheimer-s-disease","display_name":"Alzheimer's disease","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-trial-design","display_name":"clinical trial design","score":0.7649999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuropsychological-assessment","display_name":"neuropsychological assessment","score":0.7829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outcome-measurement","display_name":"outcome measurement","score":0.5920000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trial-follow-up","display_name":"trial follow-up","score":0.5770000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dropout","display_name":"dropout","score":0.5109999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-power","display_name":"statistical power","score":0.7239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-benefit-ratio","display_name":"risk-benefit ratio","score":0.5899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alzheimer-s-disease-diagnosis","display_name":"Alzheimer's disease diagnosis","score":0.49399998784065247}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535046627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612","display_name":"Clinical trial","level":2,"score":0.6248970627784729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.6233011484146118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5843381285667419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992672634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612","display_name":"Drug trial","level":3,"score":0.509173572063446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27081682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269829","display_name":"Placebo","level":3,"score":0.49243173003196716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168563851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436668","display_name":"Randomized controlled trial","level":2,"score":0.4502026438713074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129848803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2564360","display_name":"Sample size determination","level":2,"score":0.43859708309173584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14216870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3872","display_name":"Neuropsychology","level":3,"score":0.41027212142944336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.3767498731613159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.32915350794792175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.3271372318267822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.2828337550163269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.23019006848335266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.1652197539806366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.1320124864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.12863224744796753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.12219437956809998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000108","descriptor_name":"Acetylcarnitine","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000544","descriptor_name":"Alzheimer Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000544","descriptor_name":"Alzheimer Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002331","descriptor_name":"Carnitine","qualifier_ui":"Q000031","qualifier_name":"analogs & derivatives","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002986","descriptor_name":"Clinical Trials as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004311","descriptor_name":"Double-Blind Method","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007558","descriptor_name":"Italy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012107","descriptor_name":"Research Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:2690098","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2690098","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Progress in clinical and biological research","raw_type":"Clinical Trial"},{"id":"mag:47065624","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2690098","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9940000176429749}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1982257600","https://openalex.org/W1972954420","https://openalex.org/W1988721068","https://openalex.org/W2005250105","https://openalex.org/W2172137581","https://openalex.org/W2095613289","https://openalex.org/W2084485820","https://openalex.org/W2039140744","https://openalex.org/W2443011918","https://openalex.org/W4243793238"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"UNLABELLED:":[0],"In":[1,30],"ten":[2],"Italian":[3],"centers--hospitals":[4],"and":[5,9,41,66,70,86,102,123,130,138,177,186],"geriatric":[6],"institutions--130":[7],"outpatients":[8],"inpatients":[10],"with":[11,28,38,193],"a":[12,20,108,151,164,187,211],"diagnosis":[13],"of":[14,63,75,83,107,112,132,143,147,159,167,171,175,190,202,210],"Alzheimer's":[15],"disease":[16,85,149],"were":[17],"recruited":[18],"for":[19,59,94],"randomized,":[21],"double":[22],"blind,":[23],"placebo":[24],"controlled":[25],"clinical":[26],"trial":[27,160],"1-acetylcarnitine.":[29],"planning":[31],"the":[32,55,60,73,76,84,92,117,127,144,148,172,183,194,200,207],"trial,":[33],"we":[34,46,88,120],"had":[35],"to":[36,49,71,90,115,181,214],"deal":[37],"some":[39],"important":[40],"largely":[42],"open":[43],"issues.":[44],"DIAGNOSIS:":[45],"decided":[47],"not":[48],"use":[50],"neuropsychological":[51],"tests":[52],"(NPT)":[53],"in":[54,105,156,169,205],"diagnostic":[56],"process,":[57],"both":[58,163],"unknown":[61],"risk":[62,166,189],"false":[64,67],"positive":[65],"negative":[68],"rate":[69,111],"improve":[72],"feasibility":[74,131],"trial.":[77],"FOLLOW-UP:":[78],"it":[79],"must":[80],"be":[81,215],"representative":[82],"consequently":[87],"chose":[89],"follow":[91],"patients":[93],"one":[95],"year":[96],"(assessment":[97],"at":[98],"baseline,":[99],"3rd,":[100],"6th":[101],"12th":[103],"month)":[104],"spite":[106],"possible":[109],"high":[110,165,173,188],"drop-outs.":[113],"ASSESSMENT:":[114],"assess":[116,182],"patients'":[118],"outcome":[119],"used":[121,180],"NPT":[122,176],"behavioural":[124,178],"scales.":[125],"However,":[126],"validity,":[128],"reliability":[129],"these":[133],"instruments":[134],"are":[135],"rarely":[136],"discussed":[137],"their":[139],"usefulness":[140],"as":[141],"indicators":[142],"relevant":[145],"aspects":[146],"needs":[150,213],"careful":[152],"evaluation.":[153],"STATISTICAL":[154],"ANALYSIS:":[155],"this":[157],"type":[158],"there":[161],"is":[162],"alpha-error,":[168],"view":[170],"number":[174],"scales":[179],"drug":[184],"efficacy,":[185],"beta-error":[191],"connected":[192],"usually":[195],"small":[196,203],"sample":[197],"size.":[198],"Thus,":[199],"role":[201],"trials":[204],"defining":[206],"risk/benefit":[208],"ratio":[209],"treatment":[212],"discussed.":[216]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}