{"id":"https://openalex.org/W46707199","doi":null,"title":"The effect of chain membership on hospital costs.","display_name":"The effect of chain membership on hospital costs.","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W46707199","mag":"46707199","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9180615","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1070180"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:265417","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC1070180","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC1070180","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028870552","display_name":"Terri J. Menke","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089489","display_name":"Health Services Research & Development","ror":"https://ror.org/0083hz885","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210089489"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"T J Menke","raw_affiliation_strings":["HSR&D Field Program, VAMC, Houston, TX 77030, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HSR&D Field Program, VAMC, Houston, TX 77030, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089489"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5028870552"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089489"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.5,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":62,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96845175,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"2","first_page":"177","last_page":"96"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10391","display_name":"Healthcare Policy and Management","score":0.9804999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10391","display_name":"Healthcare Policy and Management","score":0.9804999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12871","display_name":"Healthcare Quality and Management","score":0.010599999688565731,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13896","display_name":"Health Services Management and Policy","score":0.0031999999191612005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hospitalization-costs","display_name":"hospital costs","score":0.7139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hospital-chains","display_name":"hospital chains","score":0.6620000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multihospital-systems","display_name":"multihospital systems","score":0.984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/independent-hospitals","display_name":"independent hospitals","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hospital-ownership","display_name":"hospital ownership","score":0.7329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/for-profit-hospitals","display_name":"for-profit hospitals","score":0.7699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonprofit-hospitals","display_name":"nonprofit hospitals","score":0.9440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economies-of-scale","display_name":"economies of scale","score":0.9599999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economies-of-scope","display_name":"economies of scope","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cost-function","display_name":"cost function","score":0.6840000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hospital-efficiency","display_name":"hospital efficiency","score":0.42899999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/property-rights-theory","display_name":"property rights theory","score":0.6269999742507935}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29321873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5970087","display_name":"Economies of scale","level":2,"score":0.5711271166801453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158739034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1907114","display_name":"Metropolitan area","level":2,"score":0.5347873568534851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5285018086433411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.5167436003684998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.47458764910697937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15716912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5174768","display_name":"Cost database","level":2,"score":0.460777223110199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.4531732201576233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145760622","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174915","display_name":"Variable cost","level":2,"score":0.4111034870147705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162118730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453","display_name":"Actuarial science","level":1,"score":0.3549650311470032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.24404600262641907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.20383098721504211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.20227587223052979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.15466681122779846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.11523085832595825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.11245310306549072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.09168097376823425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003363","descriptor_name":"Cost Control","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003953","descriptor_name":"Diagnosis-Related Groups","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006278","descriptor_name":"Medicare","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006302","descriptor_name":"Health Services Research","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008389","descriptor_name":"Marketing of Health Services","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009096","descriptor_name":"Multi-Institutional Systems","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010067","descriptor_name":"Ownership","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017721","descriptor_name":"Hospital Costs","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:265417","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC1070180","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:1070180","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1070180","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Health Serv Res","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:9180615","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9180615","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Health services research","raw_type":"Comparative Study"},{"id":"mag:46707199","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9180615","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:265417","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC1070180","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.5600000023841858,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W16670363","https://openalex.org/W60884738","https://openalex.org/W61738619","https://openalex.org/W396577081","https://openalex.org/W1025791794","https://openalex.org/W1446501814","https://openalex.org/W1490716625","https://openalex.org/W1549134585","https://openalex.org/W1561302240","https://openalex.org/W1931803713","https://openalex.org/W1966490816","https://openalex.org/W1983802600","https://openalex.org/W1989615865","https://openalex.org/W2033444893","https://openalex.org/W2051849024","https://openalex.org/W2074092150","https://openalex.org/W2081557049","https://openalex.org/W2332554532","https://openalex.org/W2394727561","https://openalex.org/W2395529993"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1566746676","https://openalex.org/W1931803713","https://openalex.org/W2137964830","https://openalex.org/W7096389670","https://openalex.org/W16670363","https://openalex.org/W2100718433","https://openalex.org/W2419524040","https://openalex.org/W578721018","https://openalex.org/W52406736","https://openalex.org/W7214252654"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"To":[1],"compare":[2,138],"the":[3,36,41,47,57,60,114,139,143,158,163,184,243,248,258,268],"cost":[4,85,96,133,140],"structures":[5,141],"of":[6,59,80,100,117,127,142,146,201,208,214,218,247,260],"hospitals":[7,128,209,274],"in":[8,169,193,205],"multihospital":[9,170,249],"systems":[10,171],"and":[11,30,40,63,91,104,106,119,122,231],"independently":[12,176],"owned":[13,177],"hospitals.":[14,93,147,178,236,280],"DATA":[15,148],"SOURCES:":[16],"The":[17,68,109],"American":[18],"Hospital":[19,71],"Association's":[20],"Annual":[21],"Survey":[22],"from":[23,35,46,56,73,152],"1990":[24],"for":[25,89,113,123,224,234,242],"data":[26,77],"on":[27,53,78],"hospital":[28,105,159],"costs":[29,118,194],"attributes.":[31],"Area":[32,37,65],"characteristics":[33],"came":[34,45],"Resource":[38],"File,":[39],"Medicare":[42],"case-mix":[43],"index":[44],"Health":[48],"Care":[49],"Financing":[50],"Administration.":[51],"Data":[52,66,151],"wages":[54],"are":[55,275],"Bureau":[58],"Census'":[61],"State":[62],"Metropolitan":[64],"Book.":[67],"Guide":[69],"to":[70,137,161,257],"Performance":[72],"HCIA,":[74],"Inc.":[75],"provided":[76],"quality":[79],"care.":[81],"STUDY":[82],"DESIGN:":[83],"Separate":[84],"functions":[86,97],"were":[87,135,155,172,188,203],"estimated":[88],"chain":[90,120,198,225],"independent":[92,180,235],"Hybrid":[94],"translog":[95],"included":[98],"measures":[99,134],"outputs,":[101],"input":[102],"prices,":[103],"area":[107],"characteristics.":[108],"estimation":[110],"method":[111],"accounted":[112],"simultaneous":[115],"determination":[116],"membership,":[121],"any":[124],"nonrandom":[125],"selection":[126],"into":[129],"chains.":[130],"Several":[131],"economic":[132],"calculated":[136],"two":[144],"types":[145,207],"EXTRACTION":[149],"METHODS:":[150],"all":[153,222],"sources":[154],"merged":[156],"at":[157,211,221,229],"level":[160],"form":[162],"study":[164,239],"sample.":[165],"PRINCIPAL":[166],"FINDINGS:":[167],"Hospitals":[168],"less":[173],"costly":[174],"than":[175,278],"Among":[179],"hospitals,":[181,226],"for-profits":[182],"had":[183],"highest":[185],"costs.":[186,262],"There":[187],"no":[189],"statistically":[190],"significant":[191],"differences":[192],"by":[195],"ownership":[196],"among":[197],"members.":[199],"Economies":[200],"scale":[202],"enjoyed":[204],"both":[206],"only":[210,228],"high":[212],"volumes":[213,223,233],"output,":[215],"while":[216],"economies":[217],"scope":[219],"occurred":[220],"but":[227],"low":[230],"medium":[232],"CONCLUSIONS:":[237],"This":[238],"provides":[240],"support":[241,267],"idea":[244],"that":[245,272],"growth":[246],"system":[250],"sector":[251],"can":[252],"provide":[253],"a":[254],"market":[255],"solution":[256],"problem":[259],"constraining":[261],"It":[263],"does":[264],"not,":[265],"however,":[266],"property":[269],"rights":[270],"theory":[271],"proprietary":[273],"more":[276],"efficient":[277],"nonprofit":[279]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}