{"id":"https://openalex.org/W46303397","doi":null,"title":"Neural Circuits and Synapses for Early Stage Visual Processing.","display_name":"Neural Circuits and Synapses for Early Stage Visual Processing.","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W46303397","mag":"46303397"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:deepblue.lib.umich.edu:2027.42/64637","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/64637","pdf_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/64637","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400393","display_name":"Deep Blue (University of Michigan)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","host_organization_name":"University of Michigan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Thesis"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/64637","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051436273","display_name":"Michael B. Manookin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8116-7619","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8116-7619"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael B. Manookin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8116-7619","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5051436273"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10077","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research","score":0.9775000214576721,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10077","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research","score":0.9775000214576721,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.012199999764561653,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10691","display_name":"Retinal Development and Disorders","score":0.004100000020116568,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retinal-ganglion-cells","display_name":"retinal ganglion cells","score":0.921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nmda-receptor","display_name":"NMDA receptor","score":0.8650000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ampa-receptors","display_name":"AMPA receptors","score":0.6890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/presynaptic-glutamate-release","display_name":"presynaptic glutamate release","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synaptic-adaptation","display_name":"synaptic adaptation","score":0.7570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glutamate-spillover","display_name":"glutamate spillover","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extrasynaptic-nmda-receptors","display_name":"extrasynaptic NMDA receptors","score":0.8140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disinhibition","display_name":"disinhibition","score":0.6470000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aii-amacrine-cells","display_name":"AII amacrine cells","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/on-cone-bipolar-cells","display_name":"ON cone bipolar cells","score":0.8370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-visual-processing","display_name":"early visual processing","score":0.6169999837875366}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146357865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1123245","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.6495862007141113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.48551511764526367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778251979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7936617","display_name":"Visual processing","level":3,"score":0.4615685045719147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3901132047176361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3424893021583557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2464331090450287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.2154742181301117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.1049218475818634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.07310301065444946}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:deepblue.lib.umich.edu:2027.42/64637","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/64637","pdf_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/64637","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400393","display_name":"Deep Blue (University of Michigan)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","host_organization_name":"University of Michigan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Thesis"},{"id":"mag:46303397","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/64637","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:deepblue.lib.umich.edu:2027.42/64637","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/64637","pdf_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/64637","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400393","display_name":"Deep Blue (University of Michigan)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","host_organization_name":"University of Michigan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Thesis"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1621071091","display_name":"Neural Circuits and Synapses for Early Visual Processing","funder_award_id":"R01EY014454","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337350","funder_display_name":"National Eye Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000043768","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EY07003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306151","display_name":"Alfred P. Sloan Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/052csg198"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306811","display_name":"Research to Prevent Blindness","ror":"https://ror.org/04drjs621"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337350","display_name":"National Eye Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03wkg3b53"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W46303397.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W46303397.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":194,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W119433760","https://openalex.org/W152063503","https://openalex.org/W167647922","https://openalex.org/W1483786641","https://openalex.org/W1507855610","https://openalex.org/W1518435289","https://openalex.org/W1522488279","https://openalex.org/W1533559637","https://openalex.org/W1537385836","https://openalex.org/W1542782021","https://openalex.org/W1564717701","https://openalex.org/W1576002992","https://openalex.org/W1581465400","https://openalex.org/W1591728700","https://openalex.org/W1601000163","https://openalex.org/W1612963976","https://openalex.org/W1720159458","https://openalex.org/W1740455381","https://openalex.org/W1757146080","https://openalex.org/W1853085112","https://openalex.org/W1858043581","https://openalex.org/W1898334791","https://openalex.org/W1908448863","https://openalex.org/W1920017598","https://openalex.org/W1920704151","https://openalex.org/W1940417817","https://openalex.org/W1958948484","https://openalex.org/W1961799769","https://openalex.org/W1964702556","https://openalex.org/W1964753147","https://openalex.org/W1965572014","https://openalex.org/W1966638248","https://openalex.org/W1966721385","https://openalex.org/W1967349182","https://openalex.org/W1968661899","https://openalex.org/W1968707598","https://openalex.org/W1970044757","https://openalex.org/W1970855204","https://openalex.org/W1974436068","https://openalex.org/W1974487245","https://openalex.org/W1976109952","https://openalex.org/W1980976879","https://openalex.org/W1981814610","https://openalex.org/W1984579614","https://openalex.org/W1985768427","https://openalex.org/W1987771959","https://openalex.org/W1988849438","https://openalex.org/W1989038219","https://openalex.org/W1989947932","https://openalex.org/W1990015532","https://openalex.org/W1991302410","https://openalex.org/W1993736839","https://openalex.org/W1994434699","https://openalex.org/W1994868555","https://openalex.org/W1995043049","https://openalex.org/W1997568797","https://openalex.org/W1998347917","https://openalex.org/W1999490342","https://openalex.org/W1999612489","https://openalex.org/W1999835005","https://openalex.org/W2003042846","https://openalex.org/W2003059369","https://openalex.org/W2006958480","https://openalex.org/W2010204822","https://openalex.org/W2014144547","https://openalex.org/W2015368612","https://openalex.org/W2015872566","https://openalex.org/W2016550668","https://openalex.org/W2017108196","https://openalex.org/W2017649359","https://openalex.org/W2021879636","https://openalex.org/W2022701711","https://openalex.org/W2024801885","https://openalex.org/W2028071797","https://openalex.org/W2029613523","https://openalex.org/W2031131256","https://openalex.org/W2032977417","https://openalex.org/W2033387570","https://openalex.org/W2035537230","https://openalex.org/W2035819329","https://openalex.org/W2036309474","https://openalex.org/W2037010168","https://openalex.org/W2037923854","https://openalex.org/W2039426149","https://openalex.org/W2043261639","https://openalex.org/W2044682466","https://openalex.org/W2046297486","https://openalex.org/W2046504812","https://openalex.org/W2047141148","https://openalex.org/W2047288781","https://openalex.org/W2047946144","https://openalex.org/W2050066016","https://openalex.org/W2051185231","https://openalex.org/W2051488447","https://openalex.org/W2053980736","https://openalex.org/W2054625340","https://openalex.org/W2054747517","https://openalex.org/W2059571588","https://openalex.org/W2059627330","https://openalex.org/W2061544984","https://openalex.org/W2062665179","https://openalex.org/W2063640158","https://openalex.org/W2065621419","https://openalex.org/W2065669107","https://openalex.org/W2066150830","https://openalex.org/W2068387849","https://openalex.org/W2069999188","https://openalex.org/W2072060769","https://openalex.org/W2072520225","https://openalex.org/W2072759014","https://openalex.org/W2072816770","https://openalex.org/W2074193941","https://openalex.org/W2075214952","https://openalex.org/W2075877638","https://openalex.org/W2079158149","https://openalex.org/W2079987993","https://openalex.org/W2080100407","https://openalex.org/W2083699254","https://openalex.org/W2085514362","https://openalex.org/W2086068652","https://openalex.org/W2089338590","https://openalex.org/W2090102324","https://openalex.org/W2090476414","https://openalex.org/W2090923339","https://openalex.org/W2093224086","https://openalex.org/W2093660899","https://openalex.org/W2098702533","https://openalex.org/W2099446857","https://openalex.org/W2104228780","https://openalex.org/W2106081121","https://openalex.org/W2106227548","https://openalex.org/W2107773943","https://openalex.org/W2108904897","https://openalex.org/W2111846174","https://openalex.org/W2112455917","https://openalex.org/W2112730272","https://openalex.org/W2113013392","https://openalex.org/W2113032894","https://openalex.org/W2113401699","https://openalex.org/W2115135130","https://openalex.org/W2115135943","https://openalex.org/W2115405735","https://openalex.org/W2115441910","https://openalex.org/W2115857330","https://openalex.org/W2116166332","https://openalex.org/W2116286472","https://openalex.org/W2120181474","https://openalex.org/W2120419858","https://openalex.org/W2120888005","https://openalex.org/W2121481642","https://openalex.org/W2122348590","https://openalex.org/W2124934034","https://openalex.org/W2125086080","https://openalex.org/W2126502788","https://openalex.org/W2127023470","https://openalex.org/W2129815055","https://openalex.org/W2130143700","https://openalex.org/W2132949150","https://openalex.org/W2133128074","https://openalex.org/W2136067425","https://openalex.org/W2136269359","https://openalex.org/W2138615044","https://openalex.org/W2138646864","https://openalex.org/W2141145724","https://openalex.org/W2141729740","https://openalex.org/W2142965243","https://openalex.org/W2148348130","https://openalex.org/W2148986580","https://openalex.org/W2149537605","https://openalex.org/W2150040413","https://openalex.org/W2150899253","https://openalex.org/W2152938026","https://openalex.org/W2153654085","https://openalex.org/W2154954277","https://openalex.org/W2155776375","https://openalex.org/W2156800812","https://openalex.org/W2159198041","https://openalex.org/W2164792033","https://openalex.org/W2165375369","https://openalex.org/W2165664498","https://openalex.org/W2166414874","https://openalex.org/W2170749456","https://openalex.org/W2171943613","https://openalex.org/W2172073217","https://openalex.org/W2235450617","https://openalex.org/W2328707546","https://openalex.org/W2336804072","https://openalex.org/W2342328537","https://openalex.org/W2413626083","https://openalex.org/W2418317612","https://openalex.org/W4294214781","https://openalex.org/W4296436262","https://openalex.org/W4327849171","https://openalex.org/W4406059073"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2028805622","https://openalex.org/W2149672539","https://openalex.org/W1035334339","https://openalex.org/W2132242046","https://openalex.org/W1757146080","https://openalex.org/W2059571588","https://openalex.org/W7099500136","https://openalex.org/W2313348546","https://openalex.org/W1973789568","https://openalex.org/W2001472711"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ganglion":[0],"cells":[1,166,203,257,280],"are":[2,24,281],"the":[3,7,14,21,35,41,55,79,85,195,212,228,284,292,310,335,343],"output":[4],"neurons":[5],"of":[6,27,58,88,286],"retina":[8,336],"and":[9,30,50,67,81,96,115,144,172,201,266,337],"send":[10],"visual":[11],"information":[12,105],"through":[13,309],"optic":[15],"nerve":[16],"to":[17,73,102,134,168,274],"various":[18],"targets":[19],"in":[20,37,100,106,185,192,254,301,334,347],"brain.":[22],"There":[23],"~20":[25],"types":[26,32,189],"ganglion":[28,89,108,138,178,187,279,324],"cell,":[29,295],"most":[31],"encode":[33,52,103],"contrast,":[34,136],"variance":[36],"light":[38,59,104],"intensity":[39],"around":[40],"mean":[42],"level.":[43],"This":[44,91,150],"thesis":[45,92],"investigates":[46],"how":[47,94],"retinal":[48],"circuits":[49],"synapses":[51,98,124],"contrast.":[53],"At":[54],"first":[56],"level":[57],"processing,":[60],"cone":[61,313,316],"photoreceptors":[62],"release":[63,82,157],"glutamate":[64,83,156,242,270,276],"onto":[65,84],"ON":[66,111,196,315],"OFF":[68,113,116,199,255,278,323],"bipolar":[69,160,165,317],"cells,":[70],"which":[71],"respond":[72],"objects":[74],"brighter":[75],"or":[76],"darker":[77],"than":[78],"background":[80],"corresponding":[86],"type":[87],"cell.":[90,198,325],"demonstrates":[93],"excitatory":[95,123,275],"inhibitory":[97],"work":[99],"concert":[101],"three":[107],"cell":[109,139,179,188,226,318,321,346],"types:":[110],"Alpha,":[112,114],"Delta":[117,202,225],"cells.":[118,161],"First,":[119],"I":[120],"demonstrate":[121],"that":[122,238],"adapt":[125],"following":[126,311],"prolonged":[127],"stimulation.":[128,247],"Following":[129],"a":[130,137,220,305,329,339],"switch":[131],"from":[132,154,158,164],"high":[133,221,245,263],"low":[135,267],"rapidly":[140],"decreases":[141],"its":[142,299],"responsiveness":[143],"recovers":[145],"slowly":[146],"over":[147],"several":[148],"seconds.":[149],"slow":[151],"adaptation":[152],"arises":[153],"reduced":[155],"presynaptic":[159,268],"Glutamate":[162],"released":[163],"binds":[167],"\u03b1-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-":[169],"methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate":[170],"(AMPA)":[171],"N-methyl-D-aspartic":[173],"acid":[174],"(NMDA)":[175],"receptors":[176,206,253],"on":[177],"dendrites.":[180],"NMDA-mediated":[181],"responses":[182],"were":[183],"present":[184],"multiple":[186],"but":[190],"absent":[191],"one":[193],"type,":[194],"Alpha":[197,200,256],"used":[204],"NMDA":[205,235,252],"for":[207,251,298,332,342],"encoding":[208],"different":[209],"contrast":[210,246,264],"ranges:":[211],"full":[213],"range":[214,222],"(Alpha),":[215],"including":[216],"near-threshold":[217],"responses,":[218],"versus":[219],"(Delta).":[223],"The":[224,248],"expresses":[227],"NR2B":[229],"subunit,":[230],"consistent":[231],"with":[232,259],"an":[233],"extra-synaptic":[234],"receptor":[236],"location":[237],"is":[239],"activated":[240],"by":[241,283],"spillover":[243],"during":[244],"contrast-independent":[249],"role":[250,300,331,341],"correlated":[258],"two":[260],"circuit":[261,307],"properties:":[262],"sensitivity":[265],"basal":[269],"release.":[271],"In":[272],"addition":[273],"synapses,":[277],"driven":[282],"removal":[285],"synaptic":[287],"inhibition":[288],"(disinhibition).":[289],"Experiments":[290],"implicate":[291],"AII":[293,320,344],"amacrine":[294,345],"better":[296],"known":[297],"rod":[302],"vision,":[303],"as":[304],"critical":[306],"element":[308],"pathway:":[312],"->":[314,319,322],"These":[326],"results":[327],"show":[328],"new":[330,340],"disinhibition":[333],"suggest":[338],"daylight":[348],"vision.":[349]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}