{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4590085","doi":null,"title":"Physicians' ethical responsibilities in addressing racial and ethnic healthcare disparities.","display_name":"Physicians' ethical responsibilities in addressing racial and ethnic healthcare disparities.","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4590085","mag":"4590085","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16916132","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2569559"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:2569559","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2569559","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"J Natl Med Assoc","raw_type":"Text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2569559","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017758649","display_name":"Nathan A. Bostick","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173654999","display_name":"American Medical Association","ror":"https://ror.org/03p6gt485","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173654999"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nathan Bostick","raw_affiliation_strings":["American Medical Association, Chicago, IL, USA. andy.bostick@ama-assn.org"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"American Medical Association, Chicago, IL, USA. andy.bostick@ama-assn.org","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173654999"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110135859","display_name":"Karine Morin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karine Morin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085472904","display_name":"Regina M. Benjamin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Regina Benjamin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066423056","display_name":"Daniel S. Higginson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6686-7454","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6686-7454"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Higginson","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3241,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90718254,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"98","issue":"8","first_page":"1329","last_page":"34"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12194","display_name":"Cultural Competency in Health Care","score":0.6518999934196472,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12194","display_name":"Cultural Competency in Health Care","score":0.6518999934196472,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13147","display_name":"Ethics and bioethics in healthcare","score":0.24130000174045563,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12749","display_name":"Race, Genetics, and Society","score":0.05590000003576279,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physician-ethical-obligations","display_name":"physician ethical obligations","score":0.8619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-ethics","display_name":"medical ethics","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-and-ethnic-minority-patients","display_name":"racial and ethnic minority patients","score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-care","display_name":"quality of care","score":0.46399998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physician-self-reflection","display_name":"physician self-reflection","score":0.4790000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/professional-diversity","display_name":"professional diversity","score":0.6510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-measures","display_name":"quality metrics","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/american-medical-association","display_name":"American Medical Association","score":0.7950000166893005}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137403100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710","display_name":"Ethnic group","level":2,"score":0.8552320003509521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.6909306645393372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781316041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230584","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","level":2,"score":0.5881614089012146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2250968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1512929","display_name":"Health equity","level":3,"score":0.5658198595046997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5562053918838501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.4502234160900116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4478493928909302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4350326657295227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.4171917140483856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.32046836614608765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2807224988937378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2724476158618927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.15112563967704773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.11123427748680115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D004992","descriptor_name":"Ethics, Medical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004992","descriptor_name":"Ethics, Medical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004992","descriptor_name":"Ethics, Medical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010820","descriptor_name":"Physicians","qualifier_ui":"Q000941","qualifier_name":"ethics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010820","descriptor_name":"Physicians","qualifier_ui":"Q000941","qualifier_name":"ethics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010820","descriptor_name":"Physicians","qualifier_ui":"Q000941","qualifier_name":"ethics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011785","descriptor_name":"Quality Assurance, Health Care","qualifier_ui":"Q000941","qualifier_name":"ethics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011785","descriptor_name":"Quality Assurance, Health Care","qualifier_ui":"Q000941","qualifier_name":"ethics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011785","descriptor_name":"Quality Assurance, Health Care","qualifier_ui":"Q000941","qualifier_name":"ethics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012955","descriptor_name":"Societies, Medical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012955","descriptor_name":"Societies, Medical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012955","descriptor_name":"Societies, Medical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018802","descriptor_name":"Patient-Centered Care","qualifier_ui":"Q000941","qualifier_name":"ethics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018802","descriptor_name":"Patient-Centered Care","qualifier_ui":"Q000941","qualifier_name":"ethics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018802","descriptor_name":"Patient-Centered Care","qualifier_ui":"Q000941","qualifier_name":"ethics","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:2569559","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2569559","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"J Natl Med Assoc","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:16916132","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16916132","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the National Medical Association","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"mag:4590085","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16916132","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:2569559","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2569559","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"J Natl Med Assoc","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7578999996185303,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"},{"score":0.6240000128746033,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.5099999904632568,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W989831","https://openalex.org/W43717339","https://openalex.org/W99285434","https://openalex.org/W139089872","https://openalex.org/W1576607493","https://openalex.org/W1777606043","https://openalex.org/W1836470756","https://openalex.org/W1966871779","https://openalex.org/W1975852039","https://openalex.org/W1977815657","https://openalex.org/W1978362190","https://openalex.org/W1995463634","https://openalex.org/W2001371486","https://openalex.org/W2005407213","https://openalex.org/W2007769372","https://openalex.org/W2008617354","https://openalex.org/W2012869916","https://openalex.org/W2017019889","https://openalex.org/W2019173615","https://openalex.org/W2042481873","https://openalex.org/W2048244154","https://openalex.org/W2060464167","https://openalex.org/W2071483390","https://openalex.org/W2078658513","https://openalex.org/W2093769272","https://openalex.org/W2099352933","https://openalex.org/W2101664041","https://openalex.org/W2110332422","https://openalex.org/W2110558936","https://openalex.org/W2137034887","https://openalex.org/W2155630083","https://openalex.org/W2163749674","https://openalex.org/W2317610227","https://openalex.org/W2318964137"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4231896658","https://openalex.org/W4242436516","https://openalex.org/W2067001668","https://openalex.org/W2418865089","https://openalex.org/W2163485336","https://openalex.org/W2373087754","https://openalex.org/W2793863367","https://openalex.org/W1763714733","https://openalex.org/W7095232475","https://openalex.org/W3048433125"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Patients":[0],"belonging":[1],"to":[2,9,14,36,62,90,103,116,130,144],"racial":[3,63,105,132],"and":[4,55,64,78,94,106,110,133,148],"ethnic":[5,65,107,134],"minority":[6],"populations":[7],"continue":[8],"receive":[10],"lesser-quality":[11],"healthcare":[12,108,135,146],"relative":[13],"other":[15],"patients,":[16],"even":[17],"when":[18],"controlling":[19],"for":[20,30],"relevant":[21],"demographic":[22],"variables.":[23],"Such":[24],"disparities":[25,66,109,136],"represent":[26],"a":[27],"significant":[28],"challenge":[29],"physicians":[31,54,83,100],"who":[32],"are":[33],"ethically":[34],"committed":[35],"serving":[37],"all":[38],"patients":[39],"equally,":[40],"irrespective":[41],"of":[42,52,87,96,152],"personal":[43],"characteristics.":[44],"Accordingly,":[45],"this":[46],"report":[47],"explores":[48],"the":[49,56,73,85,92,141,150],"ethical":[50],"obligations":[51],"individual":[53,97],"medical":[57],"profession":[58],"as":[59],"they":[60],"pertain":[61],"in":[67],"healthcare.":[68],"To":[69],"address":[70],"these":[71],"disparities,":[72,147],"AMA":[74],"Council":[75],"on":[76],"Ethical":[77],"Judicial":[79],"Affairs":[80],"recommends":[81],"that":[82,118],"customize":[84],"provision":[86],"medial":[88],"care":[89],"meet":[91],"needs":[93],"preferences":[95],"patients.":[98],"Moreover,":[99],"must":[101],"learn":[102],"recognize":[104],"critically":[111],"examine":[112],"their":[113],"own":[114],"practices":[115],"ensure":[117],"inappropriate":[119],"considerations":[120],"do":[121],"not":[122],"affect":[123],"clinical":[124],"judgment.":[125],"Physicians":[126],"can":[127],"also":[128],"work":[129],"eliminate":[131],"by":[137],"encouraging":[138],"diversity":[139],"within":[140],"profession,":[142],"continuing":[143],"investigate":[145],"supporting":[149],"development":[151],"appropriate":[153],"quality":[154],"measures.":[155]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}