{"id":"https://openalex.org/W44616294","doi":null,"title":"THE SIGNIFICANCE OF COMPRESSION SHOCKS IN THE PRODUCTION OF INTENSE MOLECULAR BEAMS WITH NOZZLES","display_name":"THE SIGNIFICANCE OF COMPRESSION SHOCKS IN THE PRODUCTION OF INTENSE MOLECULAR BEAMS WITH NOZZLES","publication_year":1962,"publication_date":"1962-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W44616294","mag":"44616294"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:44616294","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/4749626-significance-compression-shocks-production-intense-molecular-beams-nozzles","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Zeitschrift fuer Angewandte Physik (West Germany) Ceased publication","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038552236","display_name":"K. Bier","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. Bier","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064533732","display_name":"O. F. Hagena","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"O. F. Hagena","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.00895804,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11012","display_name":"Gas Dynamics and Kinetic Theory","score":0.9639000296592712,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2604","display_name":"Applied Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11012","display_name":"Gas Dynamics and Kinetic Theory","score":0.9639000296592712,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2604","display_name":"Applied Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11367","display_name":"Particle accelerators and beam dynamics","score":0.009700000286102295,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10425","display_name":"Cold Atom Physics and Bose-Einstein Condensates","score":0.0032999999821186066,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compression-shock","display_name":"compression shock","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/molecular-beams","display_name":"molecular beams","score":0.9330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nozzle-expansion","display_name":"nozzle expansion","score":0.5789999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/converging-nozzle","display_name":"convergent nozzle","score":0.8849999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam-intensity","display_name":"beam intensity","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam-stop","display_name":"beam stop","score":0.3700000047683716}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180016635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2712821","display_name":"Compression (physics)","level":2,"score":0.7757132053375244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781300812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178061","display_name":"Shock (circulatory)","level":2,"score":0.7523231506347656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56200935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q250840","display_name":"Nozzle","level":2,"score":0.6696096062660217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168834538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3705329","display_name":"Beam (structure)","level":2,"score":0.6668152809143066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93038891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061524","display_name":"Intensity (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4517509341239929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.4458504319190979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.4298044443130493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.35939139127731323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.2307683825492859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.09780323505401611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:44616294","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/4749626-significance-compression-shocks-production-intense-molecular-beams-nozzles","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Zeitschrift fuer Angewandte Physik (West Germany) Ceased publication","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2097671124","https://openalex.org/W2061384319","https://openalex.org/W2015793670","https://openalex.org/W1536955707","https://openalex.org/W7037297592","https://openalex.org/W2915872342","https://openalex.org/W4231917704","https://openalex.org/W2083878850","https://openalex.org/W1969501895","https://openalex.org/W2079052014"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"S>In":[0],"the":[1,24,31,36,42,45,56,60,64,73,89,93,102,129,140,148],"production":[2],"of":[3,23,30,35,47,55,92,111,120,139,155],"intensive":[4],"molecular":[5,37],"beams":[6,107,116],"using":[7],"nozzles,":[8],"compression":[9,49,85,100,125,144,158],"shocks":[10,50,145],"must":[11],"be":[12],"avoided":[13,134],"as":[14,16],"much":[15],"possible":[17],"since":[18],"they":[19],"cause":[20],"a":[21,28,67,83,136],"broadening":[22],"velocity":[25,57],"distribution":[26,58],"and":[27,44,59,113],"reduction":[29,154],"particle":[32],"current":[33],"density":[34],"beam.":[38],"The":[39],"conditions":[40,82],"for":[41,63,72],"occurrence":[43],"effect":[46],"such":[48],"was":[51,77],"investigated":[52],"by":[53,108,117,135],"measurement":[54],"beam":[61,74,97,103,131],"intensity":[62,104],"case":[65],"when":[66],"convergent":[68],"nozzle":[69],"is":[70,133,160],"used":[71],"production.":[75],"It":[76],"shown":[78],"that":[79],"under":[80],"given":[81],"strong":[84,124],"shock":[86,126,159],"connected":[87],"with":[88],"collision":[90],"system":[91],"freely":[94],"expanding":[95],"gas":[96],"occurs.":[98],"This":[99],"reduces":[101],"in":[105,114],"single-molecule":[106],"an":[109],"order":[110],"magnitude":[112],"condensed":[115],"two":[118],"orders":[119],"magnitude.":[121],"When":[122],"this":[123,156],"released":[127],"from":[128,147],"first":[130],"stop":[132],"suitable":[137],"selection":[138],"research":[141],"conditions,":[142],"weak":[143,157],"emanating":[146],"peeler":[149],"can":[150],"still":[151],"occur.":[152],"Possible":[153],"discussed.":[161],"(tr-auth)":[162]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-11T07:18:39.950985","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}