{"id":"https://openalex.org/W44552001","doi":null,"title":"Automatic readability assessment","display_name":"Automatic readability assessment","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W44552001","mag":"44552001"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:44552001","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2964&context=gc_etds","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034572826","display_name":"Matt Huenerfauth","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6290-2681","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6290-2681"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174216632","display_name":"City University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/00453a208","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174216632"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matt Huenerfauth","raw_affiliation_strings":["CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6290-2681","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174216632"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039478812","display_name":"Lijun Feng","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174216632","display_name":"City University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/00453a208","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174216632"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lijun Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174216632"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174216632"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.1634,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9695019,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13083","display_name":"Advanced Text Analysis Techniques","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/readability-assessment","display_name":"readability assessment","score":0.9290000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/text-complexity","display_name":"text complexity","score":0.8100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discourse-features","display_name":"discourse features","score":0.7059999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coreference","display_name":"coreference","score":0.6669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lexical-chains","display_name":"lexical chains","score":0.843999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/text-simplification","display_name":"text simplification","score":0.8759999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/text-summarization","display_name":"text summarization","score":0.5879999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading-material-selection","display_name":"reading materials selection","score":0.6290000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intellectual-disability","display_name":"intellectual disability","score":0.6510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flesch-kincaid-grade-level","display_name":"Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level","score":0.8289999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/part-of-speech-features","display_name":"part-of-speech features","score":0.7739999890327454}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778143727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820650","display_name":"Readability","level":2,"score":0.9485422968864441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7963000535964966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.7225562334060669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7084636092185974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6164387464523315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.5177263617515564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186644900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194152","display_name":"Parsing","level":2,"score":0.5115112066268921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.4727379083633423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.46052107214927673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.4544657766819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.45200082659721375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.18157166242599487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:44552001","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2964&context=gc_etds","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.5}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":86,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W10376690","https://openalex.org/W22627370","https://openalex.org/W43161684","https://openalex.org/W67948907","https://openalex.org/W69282031","https://openalex.org/W69939364","https://openalex.org/W108437174","https://openalex.org/W131815134","https://openalex.org/W133394232","https://openalex.org/W175030052","https://openalex.org/W193854645","https://openalex.org/W201735956","https://openalex.org/W247165664","https://openalex.org/W574645793","https://openalex.org/W1033453393","https://openalex.org/W1171662866","https://openalex.org/W1481128830","https://openalex.org/W1496972067","https://openalex.org/W1497300277","https://openalex.org/W1503071992","https://openalex.org/W1507711477","https://openalex.org/W1509228788","https://openalex.org/W1528370852","https://openalex.org/W1535015163","https://openalex.org/W1565570978","https://openalex.org/W1576520375","https://openalex.org/W1585196265","https://openalex.org/W1592841198","https://openalex.org/W1602368597","https://openalex.org/W1829426651","https://openalex.org/W1929112608","https://openalex.org/W1963835115","https://openalex.org/W1966271273","https://openalex.org/W1967427125","https://openalex.org/W1967691365","https://openalex.org/W1979825469","https://openalex.org/W1979880582","https://openalex.org/W1981457167","https://openalex.org/W1985547283","https://openalex.org/W1992031418","https://openalex.org/W1996430422","https://openalex.org/W2003963058","https://openalex.org/W2004017050","https://openalex.org/W2008455588","https://openalex.org/W2008931369","https://openalex.org/W2012086511","https://openalex.org/W2019416425","https://openalex.org/W2023584795","https://openalex.org/W2027438849","https://openalex.org/W2028365218","https://openalex.org/W2035943270","https://openalex.org/W2039107287","https://openalex.org/W2044145313","https://openalex.org/W2046143554","https://openalex.org/W2048251224","https://openalex.org/W2050640333","https://openalex.org/W2059812646","https://openalex.org/W2061235289","https://openalex.org/W2062585132","https://openalex.org/W2064332540","https://openalex.org/W2068797436","https://openalex.org/W2072875864","https://openalex.org/W2099065344","https://openalex.org/W2109115148","https://openalex.org/W2120315286","https://openalex.org/W2124741472","https://openalex.org/W2125762518","https://openalex.org/W2129866217","https://openalex.org/W2133944470","https://openalex.org/W2133990480","https://openalex.org/W2135255848","https://openalex.org/W2140676672","https://openalex.org/W2143279418","https://openalex.org/W2153081451","https://openalex.org/W2158572527","https://openalex.org/W2164552300","https://openalex.org/W2171476028","https://openalex.org/W2171541062","https://openalex.org/W2171575620","https://openalex.org/W2207168170","https://openalex.org/W2317144179","https://openalex.org/W2435251607","https://openalex.org/W2461569575","https://openalex.org/W2493288583","https://openalex.org/W2990496842","https://openalex.org/W3010367255"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1998504424","https://openalex.org/W2133944470","https://openalex.org/W33677238","https://openalex.org/W190511925","https://openalex.org/W1982643343","https://openalex.org/W7221362231","https://openalex.org/W4391489970","https://openalex.org/W2000332471","https://openalex.org/W2340721711","https://openalex.org/W2250496306"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,65,118,149],"describe":[1],"the":[2,10,73,77,90,113,132,207],"development":[3],"of":[4,12,24,48,76,134,159,182,218,237,242,251],"an":[5],"automatic":[6,63,257],"tool":[7,18,30,196],"to":[8,168,246],"assess":[9],"readability":[11,16,110,194],"text":[13,39,106,219,261],"documents.":[14],"Our":[15,80],"assessment":[17,195],"predicts":[19],"elementary":[20],"school":[21],"grade":[22,43,210],"levels":[23,44,88,211],"texts":[25,59,183],"with":[26,42,231],"high":[27],"accuracy.":[28],"The":[29,235],"is":[31,173],"developed":[32],"using":[33,179],"supervised":[34],"machine":[35],"learning":[36],"techniques":[37],"on":[38,97,122,131],"corpora":[40,170,181],"annotated":[41],"and":[45,60,71,104,138,151,161,184,201,221,256,260],"other":[46],"indicators":[47],"reading":[49,243,254],"difficulty.":[50],"Various":[51],"independent":[52],"variables":[53],"or":[54,171],"features":[55,84,144],"are":[56],"extracted":[57],"from":[58,89,146,226],"used":[61],"for":[62],"classification.":[64],"systematically":[66],"explore":[67],"different":[68,154,169],"feature":[69,128,155],"inventories":[70],"evaluate":[72,150,190],"grade-level":[74],"prediction":[75],"resulting":[78],"classifiers.":[79],"evaluation":[81],"comprises":[82],"well-known":[83],"at":[85],"various":[86],"linguistic":[87],"existing":[91],"literature,":[92],"such":[93],"as":[94,141,143],"those":[95],"based":[96,130],"language":[98],"modeling,":[99],"part-of-speech,":[100],"syntactic":[101],"parse":[102],"trees,":[103],"shallow":[105],"properties,":[107],"including":[108,125],"classic":[109],"formulas":[111],"like":[112],"Flesch-Kincaid":[114],"Grade":[115],"Level":[116],"formula.":[117],"focus":[119],"in":[120,157,175],"particular":[121],"discourse":[123],"features,":[124],"three":[126],"novel":[127],"sets":[129,156],"density":[133],"entities,":[135],"lexical":[136],"chains,":[137],"coreferential":[139],"inference,":[140],"well":[142,192],"derived":[145,225],"entity":[147],"grids.":[148],"compare":[152],"these":[153],"terms":[158],"accuracy":[160],"mean":[162],"squared":[163],"error":[164],"by":[165,213,253],"cross-validation.":[166],"Generalization":[167],"domains":[172],"assessed":[174],"two":[176,180],"ways.":[177],"First,":[178],"their":[185],"manually":[186],"simplified":[187,202],"versions,":[188],"we":[189,205],"how":[191],"our":[193,214],"can":[197],"discriminate":[198],"between":[199,209],"original":[200],"texts.":[203],"Second,":[204],"measure":[206],"correlation":[208],"predicted":[212],"tool,":[215],"expert":[216],"ratings":[217],"difficulty,":[220,255],"estimated":[222],"latent":[223],"difficulty":[224],"experiments":[227],"involving":[228],"adult":[229],"participants":[230],"mild":[232],"intellectual":[233],"disabilities.":[234],"applications":[236],"this":[238],"work":[239],"include":[240],"selection":[241],"material":[244],"tailored":[245],"varying":[247],"proficiency":[248],"levels,":[249],"ranking":[250],"documents":[252],"document":[258],"summarization":[259],"simplification.":[262]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-03T10:50:19.383937","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
