{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417536900","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31351/vol34iss4pp158-171","title":"Exploring the Chemical Composition and Cytotoxic Effect of Hexane Extract of Aerial Portions of Iraqi Amaranthus viridis on A549 Cell-Line","display_name":"Exploring the Chemical Composition and Cytotoxic Effect of Hexane Extract of Aerial Portions of Iraqi Amaranthus viridis on A549 Cell-Line","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417536900","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31351/vol34iss4pp158-171"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.31351/vol34iss4pp158-171","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31351/vol34iss4pp158-171","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31351/vol34iss4pp158-171","pdf_url":"https://bijps.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/bijps/article/download/3647/1562","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764399167","display_name":"Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","issn_l":"1683-3597","issn":["1683-3597","2521-3512"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319170","host_organization_name":"University of Baghdad","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319170"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Baghdad"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://bijps.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/bijps/article/download/3647/1562","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Noor S Jaafar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135120706","display_name":"University of Baghdad","ror":"https://ror.org/007f1da21","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135120706"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Noor S Jaafar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of pharmacognosy and medicinal plants, College of Pharmacy, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of pharmacognosy and medicinal plants, College of Pharmacy, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135120706"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Enas J. Kadhim","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135120706","display_name":"University of Baghdad","ror":"https://ror.org/007f1da21","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135120706"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Enas J. Kadhim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of pharmacognosy and medicinal plants, College of Pharmacy, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of pharmacognosy and medicinal plants, College of Pharmacy, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135120706"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135120706"],"apc_list":{"value":250000,"currency":"IQD","value_usd":null},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2611,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.5294832,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"4","first_page":"158","last_page":"171"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12215","display_name":"Phytochemical Studies and Bioactivities","score":0.7695000171661377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12215","display_name":"Phytochemical Studies and Bioactivities","score":0.7695000171661377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14521","display_name":"Medicinal Plant Research","score":0.16249999403953552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12657","display_name":"Phytochemistry Medicinal Plant Applications","score":0.027300000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amaranthus-viridis","display_name":"Amaranthus viridis","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amaranthus-hybridus","display_name":"Amaranthus hybridus","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/n-hexane-extract","display_name":"hexane extract","score":0.9129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phytochemistry","display_name":"phytochemistry","score":0.7110000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phytosterols","display_name":"phytosterols","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/campesterol","display_name":"campesterol","score":0.7900000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stigmasterol","display_name":"stigmasterol","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spinasterol","display_name":"spinasterol","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beta-sitosterol","display_name":"\u03b2-sitosterol","score":0.9819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/di-2-ethylhexyl-phthalate","display_name":"DEHP","score":0.8980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/omega-3-fatty-acids","display_name":"omega-3 fatty acids","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/squalene","display_name":"squalene","score":0.8299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homosalate","display_name":"homosalate","score":0.8349999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cytotoxicity","display_name":"cytotoxicity","score":0.7900000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/a549-cells","display_name":"A549 cells","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lung-cancer","display_name":"lung cancer","score":0.9900000095367432}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776703722","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407560","display_name":"Squalene","level":2,"score":0.8113999962806702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74940592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6723254","display_name":"Maceration (sewage)","level":2,"score":0.7975999712944031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779824472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207123","display_name":"Herb","level":3,"score":0.6949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C556039675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q771035","display_name":"Traditional medicine","level":1,"score":0.6488000154495239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777077568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150440","display_name":"Hexane","level":2,"score":0.6184999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.5565000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4725764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844704","display_name":"Extraction (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.4771000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44937612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212364","display_name":"Terpene","level":2,"score":0.4546999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780590819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q155931","display_name":"Amaranthaceae","level":2,"score":0.4372999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179998833","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381233","display_name":"High-performance liquid chromatography","level":2,"score":0.40689998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.38850000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777505162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q53475","display_name":"Acanthaceae","level":2,"score":0.37400001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31903555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637030","display_name":"Food science","level":1,"score":0.36739999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.351500004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160492267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q319616","display_name":"Pharmacognosy","level":4,"score":0.33880001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.3377000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195475562","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1639139","display_name":"Phytochemical","level":2,"score":0.3314000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777278459","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170885","display_name":"Essential oil","level":2,"score":0.32440000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149849071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1263816","display_name":"Chemical composition","level":2,"score":0.28200000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779158651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188840","display_name":"Medicinal plants","level":2,"score":0.2685999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779969877","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861699","display_name":"Phytotherapy","level":3,"score":0.26570001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153784791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2212766","display_name":"Chemotype","level":3,"score":0.25850000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778231731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161572","display_name":"Eucalyptol","level":3,"score":0.2533999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109316439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q246181","display_name":"Cytotoxicity","level":3,"score":0.2522999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206103511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q426694","display_name":"Terpenoid","level":2,"score":0.2515999972820282}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.31351/vol34iss4pp158-171","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31351/vol34iss4pp158-171","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31351/vol34iss4pp158-171","pdf_url":"https://bijps.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/bijps/article/download/3647/1562","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764399167","display_name":"Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","issn_l":"1683-3597","issn":["1683-3597","2521-3512"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319170","host_organization_name":"University of Baghdad","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319170"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Baghdad"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e4ba82dc744a443b85ff7160092986c2","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e4ba82dc744a443b85ff7160092986c2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol 34, Iss 4 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.31351/vol34iss4pp158-171","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31351/vol34iss4pp158-171","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31351/vol34iss4pp158-171","pdf_url":"https://bijps.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/bijps/article/download/3647/1562","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764399167","display_name":"Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","issn_l":"1683-3597","issn":["1683-3597","2521-3512"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319170","host_organization_name":"University of Baghdad","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319170"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Baghdad"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9074000120162964,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310603","display_name":"University of Baghdad","ror":"https://ror.org/007f1da21"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4417536900.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4417536900.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Amaranthus":[0],"viridis":[1,131],"(green":[2],"amaranth),":[3],"is":[4,15,77,109,266,272],"naturally":[5],"grown":[6],"in":[7,30,75,192,203,214,222,232,241,256,259],"Iraq":[8,76],"belongs":[9],"to":[10,32,145,150,322],"the":[11,48,84,92,114,117,160,171,189,204,238,248,260,267,273,278,291,300],"Amaranthaceae":[12],"family,":[13],"and":[14,28,37,44,50,97,102,116,139,143,147,152,168,170,177,181,210,217,236,254,311],"considered":[16],"pseudocereal.":[17],"This":[18],"herb":[19,90,122],"displays":[20],"various":[21],"classes":[22],"of":[23,35,72,88,120,129,163,250,315],"secondary":[24],"metabolites":[25],"including":[26],"polyphenols,":[27],"phytosterols,":[29],"addition":[31],"other":[33],"types":[34],"terpenes":[36],"fatty":[38],"derivatives.":[39],"Anti-inflammatory,":[40],"antioxidant,":[41],"antidiabetic,":[42],"cardioprotective,":[43],"hepatoprotective":[45],"are":[46],"among":[47],"evaluated":[49,284],"proven":[51],"clinical":[52],"activities.":[53],"Recently":[54],"herbal":[55],"remedies":[56],"have":[57],"emerged":[58],"as":[59],"a":[60,219],"noteworthy":[61],"new":[62],"therapeutic":[63],"option":[64],"for":[65,179,237,285,307],"several":[66],"cancers.":[67],"The":[68],"most":[69,274],"common":[70],"cause":[71],"cancer":[73,95,104],"mortality":[74],"lung":[78],"cancer.":[79],"Few":[80],"previous":[81,111],"studies":[82],"stated":[83],"invitro":[85,287],"anticancer":[86,288],"effect":[87,119,289,306,325],"this":[89,121],"on":[91,277],"MCF-7":[93],"breast":[94],"cell":[96,293],"against":[98,290],"HepG2,":[99],"B16F10":[100],"melanoma,":[101],"HT-29":[103],"cells.":[105],"In":[106,158],"Iraq,":[107],"there":[108],"no":[110,304],"study":[112],"regarding":[113],"phytochemistry":[115],"cytotoxic":[118,305],"despite":[123],"its":[124,154,286,323],"wide":[125],"distribution.":[126],"n.hexane":[127],"extract":[128,184,235,282,310],"A.":[130],"whole":[132],"aerial":[133],"parts":[134],"was":[135,166,174,188,200,283],"prepared":[136],"by":[137],"maceration":[138],"Soxhlet":[140],"extraction":[141,172],"methods,":[142],"subjected":[144],"GC/MS":[146],"HPLC":[148,245],"analysis":[149,246],"characterize":[151],"quantify":[153],"constituents":[155],"mainly":[156],"phytosterols..":[157],"GC/MS,":[159],"total":[161],"number":[162],"identified":[164,213],"compounds":[165],"thirteen":[167],"seventeen,":[169],"yield":[173],"0.66":[175],"%,":[176],"1.017%":[178],"cold":[180,193,205,263],"hot":[182,223,233,261,280,308],"hexane":[183,194,234,281,309],"respectively.":[185],"bis(2-ethylhexyl)":[186],"phthalate":[187],"major":[190],"constituent":[191],"extract.":[195,206,224,264],"Omega-3":[196],"(9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic":[197],"acid,":[198],"(Z,Z,Z)-)":[199],"only":[201,230],"detected":[202,231],"2(4H)-Benzofuranone,":[207],"5,6,7,7a-tetrahydro-4,4,7a-trimethyl-,":[208],"(R)-":[209],"squalene":[211],"were":[212,229],"both":[215],"extracts":[216],"at":[218],"higher":[220],"proportion":[221],"9,12-Octadecadienoic":[225],"acid":[226],"(Z,Z),":[227],"homosalate":[228],"first":[239],"time":[240],"an":[242,312],"Iraqi":[243],"plant.":[244],"revealed":[247],"presence":[249],"campesterol,":[251],"stigmasterol,":[252],"spinasterol,":[253],"beta-sitosterol":[255],"greater":[257],"amounts":[258],"than":[262],"Campasterol":[265],"least":[268],"concentrated,":[269],"while":[270],"spinasterol":[271],"concentrated.":[275],"Based":[276],"result,":[279],"A549":[292],"line":[294],"using":[295],"MTT":[296,301],"assay.":[297],"Results":[298],"from":[299],"assay":[302],"showed":[303],"IC50":[313],"value":[314],"1393":[316],"\u03bcg/ml,":[317],"which":[318],"may":[319],"be":[320],"due":[321],"antioxidant":[324]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-06T10:28:23.643775","created_date":"2025-12-21T00:00:00"}