{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417536796","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2506.15748","title":"Diffusion-based Counterfactual Augmentation: Towards Robust and Interpretable Knee Osteoarthritis Grading","display_name":"Diffusion-based Counterfactual Augmentation: Towards Robust and Interpretable Knee Osteoarthritis Grading","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417536796","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2506.15748"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2506.15748","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2506.15748","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2506.15748","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2506.15748","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Wang, Zhe","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Zhe","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ru, Yuhua","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ru, Yuhua","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031504099","display_name":"Aladine Chetouani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2066-4707","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2066-4707"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chetouani, Aladine","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054980422","display_name":"Tina Shiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3290-3143","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3290-3143"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shiang, Tina","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Chen, Fang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen, Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Bauer, Fabian","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bauer, Fabian","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zhang, Liping","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Liping","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hans, Didier","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hans, Didier","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037286514","display_name":"Rachid Jennane","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8032-8035","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8032-8035"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jennane, Rachid","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Palmer, William Ewing","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Palmer, William Ewing","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040027621","display_name":"Mohamed Jarraya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8095-0174","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8095-0174"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jarraya, Mohamed","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Chen, Yung Hsin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen, Yung Hsin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.38179999589920044,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.38179999589920044,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":0.20340000092983246,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.20170000195503235,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diffusion-models","display_name":"diffusion models","score":0.9279999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-differential-equations","display_name":"stochastic differential equations","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latent-space-navigation","display_name":"latent space navigation","score":0.7820000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-robustness","display_name":"model robustness","score":0.7839999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"interpretability","score":0.8550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-uncertainty","display_name":"model uncertainty","score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiograph-classification","display_name":"radiograph classification","score":0.7720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/osteoarthritis-initiative","display_name":"Osteoarthritis Initiative","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multicenter-osteoarthritis-study","display_name":"Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study","score":0.9269999861717224}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.8819000124931335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6406000256538391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108650721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783253","display_name":"Counterfactual thinking","level":2,"score":0.6057999730110168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5544999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5098000168800354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776164576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62736","display_name":"Osteoarthritis","level":3,"score":0.48260000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.42500001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.420199990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102366305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1097688","display_name":"Nonparametric statistics","level":2,"score":0.337799996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183115368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856577","display_name":"Weighting","level":2,"score":0.3310999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.32120001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42023084","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5249231","display_name":"Decision boundary","level":3,"score":0.31929999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177774035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1246948","display_name":"Granularity","level":2,"score":0.3138999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70437156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7228652","display_name":"Pooling","level":2,"score":0.29280000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777286243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591926","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.289000004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.26649999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51167844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4422623","display_name":"Latent variable","level":2,"score":0.2662000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36454342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245341","display_name":"Radiography","level":2,"score":0.2632000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.2623000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151876577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7049464","display_name":"Nonlinear dimensionality reduction","level":3,"score":0.26100000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.25929999351501465}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2506.15748","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2506.15748","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2506.15748","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-05784918v1","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-05784918v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"2026","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2506.15748","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2506.15748","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2506.15748","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2506.15748","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2506.15748","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2506.15748","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.504800021648407,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automated":[0],"grading":[1],"of":[2,18,58,100,150],"Knee":[3],"Osteoarthritis":[4,107,112],"(KOA)":[5],"from":[6],"radiographs":[7],"is":[8,180],"challenged":[9],"by":[10,47,69,94,133],"significant":[11],"inter-observer":[12],"variability":[13],"and":[14,45,110,138,173],"the":[15,55,92,105,129,141],"limited":[16],"robustness":[17,44],"deep":[19],"learning":[20,88],"models,":[21],"particularly":[22],"near":[23],"critical":[24],"decision":[25],"boundaries.":[26],"To":[27],"address":[28],"these":[29],"limitations,":[30],"this":[31,118],"paper":[32],"proposes":[33],"a":[34,59,63,71,76,86,161,166],"novel":[35],"framework,":[36],"Diffusion-based":[37],"Counterfactual":[38],"Augmentation":[39],"(DCA),":[40],"which":[41],"enhances":[42],"model":[43,61,126,158],"interpretability":[46,132],"generating":[48],"targeted":[49],"counterfactual":[50],"examples.":[51],"The":[52,79,153],"method":[53,130],"navigates":[54],"latent":[56,143],"space":[57,144],"diffusion":[60],"using":[62],"Stochastic":[64],"Differential":[65],"Equation":[66],"(SDE),":[67],"governed":[68],"balancing":[70],"classifier-informed":[72],"boundary":[73],"drive":[74],"with":[75,147],"manifold":[77],"constraint.":[78],"resulting":[80],"counterfactuals":[81],"are":[82],"then":[83],"used":[84],"within":[85],"self-corrective":[87],"strategy":[89],"to":[90,169],"improve":[91],"classifier":[93],"focusing":[95],"on":[96,104],"its":[97],"specific":[98],"areas":[99],"uncertainty.":[101],"Extensive":[102],"experiments":[103],"public":[106],"Initiative":[108],"(OAI)":[109],"Multicenter":[111],"Study":[113],"(MOST)":[114],"datasets":[115],"demonstrate":[116],"that":[117,140],"approach":[119],"significantly":[120],"improves":[121],"classification":[122],"accuracy":[123],"across":[124],"multiple":[125],"architectures.":[127],"Furthermore,":[128],"provides":[131],"visualizing":[134],"minimal":[135],"pathological":[136],"changes":[137],"revealing":[139],"learned":[142],"topology":[145],"aligns":[146],"clinical":[148],"knowledge":[149],"KOA":[151],"progression.":[152],"DCA":[154],"framework":[155],"effectively":[156],"converts":[157],"uncertainty":[159],"into":[160],"robust":[162],"training":[163],"signal,":[164],"offering":[165],"promising":[167],"pathway":[168],"developing":[170],"more":[171],"accurate":[172],"trustworthy":[174],"automated":[175],"diagnostic":[176],"systems.":[177],"Our":[178],"code":[179],"available":[181],"at":[182],"https://github.com/ZWang78/DCA.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}